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Chapter 8 Bio Test
Chapter 8 Biology Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in the direction of the higher solute concentration | osmosis |
| osmosis maintains ____________ | homeostasis |
| What is a factor that controls osmosis? | concentration gradient |
| a solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside the cell | isotonic solution |
| Which way do water molecules move in a isotonic solution? | randomly in and out of the cell at the same rate |
| What happens to the cell in an isotonic solution? | the cell retains its normal shape |
| a solution where the concentration of dissolved substances is lower outside the cell than inside the cell | hypotonic solution |
| Which way do water molecules move in a hypotonic solution? | water moves into the cell |
| What happens to the cell in a hypotonic solution? | increased pressure causes the cell to swell |
| What happens to plants in a hypotonic solution? | plants become firm |
| the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell | hypertonic solution |
| Which way do water molecules move in a hypertonic solution? | water moves out of the cell |
| What happens to the cell in a hypertonic solution? | loss of water results in decreased pressure which causes the cell to shrink/shrivel |
| Which happens to plants in a hypertonic solution? | plants wilt |
| the movement of particles across the membrane from a higher to lower concentration | passive transport |
| passive transport _________ energy | doesn't require |
| movement of particles in passive transport is _____ the concentration gradient | with |
| passive transport of materials across the membrane using transport proteins | facilitated diffusion |
| Which proteins do facilitated diffusion use? | channel & carrier proteins |
| transport protein that changes shape to allow a substance to pass through the membrane | carrier protein |
| transport protein that allow specific molecules to flow through the membrane | channel protein |
| the movement of particles across the membrane from a lower to higher concentration | active transport |
| active transport _________ energy | requires |
| movement of particles in passive transport is _____ the concentration gradient | against |
| What role do carrier proteins play in active transport? | they bind with particles being transported and releases them on the other side |
| a process by which a cell surrounds and takes in material from its environment | endocytosis |
| when a cell takes in liquid | pinocytosis |
| when a cell takes in solids | phagocytosis |
| the expulsion or secretion of materials (wastes) from a cell | exocytosis |
| What does endocytosis do? | takes in material |
| What does exocytosis do? | gets rid of material |
| How do nutrients and wastes move in a cell? | by diffusion |
| How does diffusion limit cell size? | as the cell gets larger, diffusion becomes slow and inefficient |
| What are used through the cell to perform critical cell functions? | proteins |
| How does DNA limit cell size? | there is a limit to how fast proteins can be produced, so inadequate number of proteins will be produced if the cell becomes too large |
| Which cells will have more than one nucleus? | unicellular |
| How does the surface area-to-volume limit cell size? | as the cell gets larger, volume increases faster than surface area, so the cell cannot get materials in and out quickly enough |
| How does a cell prevent its disfunction from getting too large? | they divide |
| process by which new cells are produced from one cell | cell division |
| What is the result of cell division? | 2 cells identical to the parent cell |
| cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells | chromosomes |
| What happens to chromosomes before and after cell division? | They appear before cell division and vanish after |
| Why is accurate transmission of chromosomes during cell division critical? | to make sure that both cells get identical sets of chromosomes |
| How many chromosomes do humans have? | 23 chromosomes |
| How do chromosomes exist for most of their lifetime? | as chromatin |
| longs strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones | chromatin |
| Which proteins do DNA wrap themselves around? | histones |
| sequence of growth and division of a cell | cell cycle |
| What are the periods of the cell cycle? | interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis |
| What happens during interphase? | cell grows in size, cell carries on metabolism, chromosomes are duplicated |
| What is the bulk of the cell cycle? | interphase |
| What are the three stages of interphase? | G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase |
| What happens during the G1 phase? | cell grows intensely |
| What happens during the S phase? | DNA is duplicated |
| What happens during the G2 phase? | organelles replicate |
| What kind of division is mitosis? | nuclear division |
| What are the phases of mitosis? | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| What happens during prophase? | chromatin coils to form chromosomes, nucleus begins to disappear, centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell, spindle fibers appear |
| What is the structure of a chromosome? | two halves made up of sister chromatids held together by a centromere |
| What happens during metaphase? | double chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers by their centromeres, chromosomes line up on the midline |
| Why does each sister chromatid attach to its own spindle fiber? | to ensure that each new cell receives an identical and complete set of chromosomes |
| What happens during anaphase? | centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell |
| What happens during telophase? | spindle fibers break down, nucleus reappears, membrane begins to form between the two nuclei |
| What happens to animal cells during cytokinesis? | plasma membrane pinches in and the two new cells are separated |
| What is the pinch in the plasma membrane called? | cleavage furrow |
| What happens to plant cells during cytokinesis? | cell plate is laid between the two nuclei and cell membrane and wall form around it on each side of the plate |
| group of cells that work together to form a specific function | tissue |
| What are the levels of organization in a cell? | tissue, organ, organ system |
| What controls the cell cycle? | cyclins and enzymes that attach to it |
| the result of uncontrolled cell division | cancer |
| What causes the loss of control during cell division? | environmental and genetic factors |
| What directs the production of enzymes? | genes |
| segments of DNA | genes |
| What causes cancer? | changes in one or more genes that aid in controlling the cell cycle |
| masses of tissue formed by cancerous cells | tumors |
| What is cancer called when it remains in one location and doesn't spread? | benign |
| When is cancer considered malignant? | when it enters the circulatory system and spreads |
| What is metastasis? | when cancer enters the circulatory system and spreads forming new tumors |
| What are some environmental factors that cause cancer? | cigarette smoke, air and water pollution, exposure to ultraviolet radiation |
| How can cancer be prevented? | healthy diet and not using tobacco |
Created by:
Tiffanyy
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