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Objectives wk 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. What are the two major components of the integumentary system? | 1) Epidermis 2) Dermis |
| 2. What type of tissue is the dermis? | Connective Tissue |
| 3. What is the effect of sunlight on skin color? Why? | Melanocytes become more active and produce more melanin |
| 4. Briefly describe the lines of cleavage on the skin, and explain their clinical importance. | Direction of underlying collagen fibers in reticular layers of the dermis. This is important because it reduces scarring and increases healing time |
| 5. What are the 3 forms of skin cancer? | 1) Basal Cell Carcinoma- Occurs on face. Least dangerous 2) Squamous Cell Carcinoma- May metastasize to other parts of the body. Raised reddish and scaly. 3) Malignant Melanoma- Most deadly. |
| 6. What is the function of melanin in keratinocytes? | Protect Kerotonocytes from UV rays. |
| 7. Briefly describe first, second, and third degree burns. | 1st Degree burns- involve only the epidermis. Redness, slight edema and pain 2nd Degree burns- involve epidermis and part of dermis 3rd Degree burns- Involve epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer |
| 8. How do cartilage and bone differ? | Bone is rigid Cartilage is semirigid. Weaker than bone. More flexible and resilient. No blood inside it. |
| What is a chondrocyte | Cartilage cell Structure- Sits inside lacunae and surrounds perichondrium Function- Produce chemical that prevents blood vessel formation and growth within the extracellular matrix. |
| What are osteoblasts? | Mature bone cells that are trapped in the matrix. Structure- Reside in lacunae Function- Maintain the bone matrix and detect chemical stress on the bone |
| 10. What is the difference between a mucous membrane and serous membrane? | Mucous Membrane- Lines the body passages and compartments that open to an external environment. Serous Membrane- Line internal surfaces. |
| 11. What two different types of cell make up neural tissue and what is the major function of each? | 1) Neurons-control activities, process info 2) Glial Cells-Support and protect neurons |
| Smooth Muscle: location striation # of nuclei voluntary or involuntary | Walls of hollow internal organs, Short, non-striated, one centrally located nucleus, involuntary |
| What is metaplasia? | Abnormal transformation of a fully differentiated adult tissue into a differentiated tissue of another kind. |
| What is hypertrophy? | Generalized increase in the bulk or size of a part of an organ. NOT as a consequence of a tumor formation. |
| What is canaliculi? | microscopic canal within bone connecting to the central canal |
| What is medullary cavity? | cavity within long bones |
| What is the perforating canal. | canals connecting blood, nerves and veins to haversian canal. |
| 15. List three different types of skeletal cartilage. | 1) Hyaline-glassy appearance 2) Fibrocartilage-thick fibers 3) Elastic cartilage- Numerous highly branched elastic fibers to provide flexibility to structures |
| 16. What is the perichondrium? | dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage of developing bones |
| 17. What are the four different types of bone, based on their shape? How are they different? | 1) Long bones 2) Short Bones- length and width nearly equal. Eg. Knee cap 3) Flat bones- flat, thin surfaces. eg. sternum and ribs 4) Irregular bones- Complex shape Eg. Vertebrae |
| What is diploe? | spongy bone within flat bones |
| Two methods of ossification | 1) Intramembranous- Produces flat bones of the skull, facial bones, mandible, central part of clavicle 2)Endochondral ossification- Produces most of the other bones of the skeleton. |
| Compact bone: structure composition location | Protector of everything within it Appears solid but has a number of vascular canals Forms hard outer shell of the bone |
| Organic components of bone matrix | cells, collagen fibers, ground substance |
| What is lacunae? | Hollow space for either osteocytes or chondrocytes to be housed |
| What are osteocytes? | Destroy bone within the bone center |
| Skeletal: location striation # of nuclei voluntary or involuntary | Attaches to the bone or skin (face, lips, anus, urethra),Cylindrical, Multinucleated, Voluntary |
| cardiac: location striation # of nuclei voluntary or involuntary | Heart wall, Striated, 1 or 2 centrally located nucleus, Involuntary |
| What is hyperplasia? | Increase in the normal number of cells within a tissue or organ; an excessive proliferation of a normal cell; does NOT contain tumor formation |
| What is neoplasia? | Growth process out of control. A tumor of abnormal tissue develops. |
| What is atrophy? | Shrinkage of tissue by decrease in either cell number or cell size. |
| What is an osteon? | cylindrical structures within bones |
| What is a central canal? | center tube of osteon |
| What is the epiphysis? | rounded end of a long bone |
| What is the diaphysis? | shaft of long bone |
| What is the periosteum? | membrane lining surface of all bones |
| Spongy bone: structure composition location | Forms latticework that is strong yet lightweight Contain spaces Found in the interior of bone |
| What are the inorganic components of the bone matrix? | Calcium hydroxide, calcium phosphate= hydroxyapetite |
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