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MusclePhys_Part2
MusclePhysiology_Part2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ATP is muscles are important, what are they used for? | 1. maintenance of resting membr. pot. (Na+/K+ ATPase) 2. exocytosis of ACh at the NMJ (possibly kinesin ATPase) 3. moving myosin heads back to 'energized' (myosin ATPase) 4. Return of Ca2+ into sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca2+ ATPase) |
| What are the 2 sources of ATP for muscle action? | 1. Free ATP 2. Phosphagen System 3. Glycolysis 4. Aerobic respiration |
| What is Free ATP? | Only have enough stores for about 5-6 seconds of intense activity |
| What is Phosphagen System? | 1. Once Free ATP depleted, goes here! 2. Xfer of high erergy phosphate from CREATINE PHOSPHATE to ADP to make ATP C~P + ADP <--> C + ATP 3. enough for approx. another 10-15 secs of highly intense muscle action 4. Uses substrate level phosphorylation |
| What is Glycolysis (Glycogen-Lactic Acid System)? | 1. glycogenolysis converts glycogen 2 glucose 2. glucose split into 2 pyruvate (PY) molecules w/net result of two ATP 3. provides enough ATP for add'l 30-40 secs of intense activity |
| In Glycolysis, what happens to pyruvate if Oxygen is/isn't present? | 1. if Oxygen present, pyruvate converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A 2. if Oxygen not present, pyruvate converted to lactic acid (which contributes to lactic acid accumulation in the muscle tissue) |
| T/F Within ONE minute, a person will be out of ATP | TRUE |
| What is Aerobic Respiration? | Citric Acid Cycle + Electron Transport Cahin * highly efficient production of 30-32 molecules of ATP * long term... as long as oxygen and fuel are present |
| What are the three sources of ATP for aerobic muscles to use? | 1. Carbohydrates 2. Fats 3. Amino Acid proteins |
| Out of the 3 sources of ATP for aerobic muscles to use, which one gets utilized first? | 1. Carbohydrates (metabolize the most efficiently) 2. Fats/Amino acid proteins (if carbs unavailable) |
| What is Aerobic Glycolysis? | The metabolization of carbohydrates, fats, amino acid proteins by the body's aerobic muscles using GLUCOSE and OXYGEN |
| List the Metabolism Speed (from Fast->Slow) for Aerobic Glycolysis | 1. Carbohydrate metabolism 2. Fat metabolisum 3. Amino Acid Protein metabolism |
| What is the formula for carbohydrate metabolism? | Glucose + O2 --> 36ATP + CO2 + H2O |
| What is the formula for Fat Metabolism? | Fatty Acid + O2 --> 130 ATP + CO2 + H2O |
| What is the formula for Amino Acid Protein Metabolism? | Amino Acids + O2 --> 15ATP + CO2 + H2O |
| What are the TWO types of muscle fatigueness? | 1. Central Fatigue 2. Peripheral Fatigue |
| What is Central Fatigue? | 1. Occurs in CNS 2. Has psychological effects (mentally drained) 3. Has protective reflexes (muscle stress monitoring) |
| How is Peripheral Fatigue broken up? | 1. Neuromuscular junction 2. Excitation-contraction coupling 3. Ca2+ signal 4. Contraction-relaxation |
| What is the proposed mechanism for Neuromuscular junction fatigue? | 1. release of neurotransmitter 2. receptor activation (antagonistic binding) |
| What is the proposed mechanism for Excitation-Contraction coupling fatigue? | Change in muscle membrane potential (imbalance in ions) |
| What is the proposed mechanism for Ca2+ signaling fatigue? | 1. Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak 2. Ca2+ release 3. Ca2+ troponin interaction |
| What is the proposed mechanism for Contraction-relaxation fatigue? | 1. depletion theories: PCr, APT, glycogen 2. Accumulation theories: H+, Pi, lactate |
| How do you increase the level of vascularization? | Increase mitochondria to increase ATP |
| What are the varieties of skeletal muscles? | 1. Oxidative 2. Glycolytic 3. Ratio of oxidative to glycolytic is dependent on GENETICS |
| What are Oxidative skeletal muscle? | 1. Type I 2. Uses oxygen, has high amounts of MYOGLOBIN, MITOCHONDRIA, VASCULARITY 3. Use AEROBIC processes 4. Long term endurance activities |
| What are Glycolytic skeletal muscles? | 1. 3 Types - (IIa, IIb, IIx) 2. Fast contraction action 3. Paler in color due to lower amounts of myoglobin and vascularity 4. use ANAEROBIC pathways for energy 5. NOT use for long term endurance activities |
| Compare/contrast Type I/IIa/IIb/IIx muscle fibers with regards to CONTRACTION TIME | 1. I - slow 2. IIa - moderately fast 3. IIx - fast 4. IIb - very fast |
| Compare/contrast Type I/IIa/IIb/IIx muscle fibers with regards to SIZE OF NEURON | 1. I - small 2. IIa - medium 3. IIx - large 4. IIb - very large |
| Compare/contrast Type I/IIa/IIb/IIx muscle fibers with regards to RESISTANCE TO FATIGUE | 1. I - high 2. IIa - fairly high 3. IIx - intermediate 4. IIb - low |
| Compare/contrast Type I/IIa/IIb/IIx muscle fibers with regards to ACTIVITY USED FOR | 1. I - aerobic 2. IIa - long-term anaerobic 3. IIx - short-term anaerobic 4. IIb - short-term anaerobic |
| Compare/contrast Type I/IIa/IIb/IIx muscle fibers with regards to MAXIMUM DURATION OF USE | 1. I - hours 2. IIa - < 30 mins 3. IIx - < 5 mins 4. IIb - < 1 min |
| Compare/contrast Type I/IIa/IIb/IIx muscle fibers with regards to POWER PRODUCED | 1. I - low 2. IIa - medium 3. IIx - high 4. IIb - very high |
| Compare/contrast Type I/IIa/IIb/IIx muscle fibers with regards to MITOCHONDRIAL DENSITY | 1. I - high 2. IIa - high 3. IIx - medium 4. IIb - low |
| Compare/contrast Type I/IIa/IIb/IIx muscle fibers with regards to CAPILLARY DENSITY | 1. I - high 2. IIa - intermediate 3. IIx - low 4. IIb - low |
| Compare/contrast Type I/IIa/IIb/IIx muscle fibers with regards to OXIDATIVE CAPACITY | 1. I - high 2. IIa - high 3. IIx - intermediate 4. IIb - low |
| Compare/contrast Type I/IIa/IIb/IIx muscle fibers with regards to GLYCOLYTIC CAPACITY | 1. I - low 2. IIa - high 3. IIx - high 4. IIb - high |
| Compare/contrast Type I/IIa/IIb/IIx muscle fibers with regards to MAJOR STORAGE FUEL | 1. I - Triglycerides 2. IIa - CP, glycogen 3. IIx - CP, glycogen 4. IIb - CP, glycogen |
| What is the physical appearance of a SLOW-TWITCH EXIDATIVE muscle fiber? | 1. smaller diameter 2. darker color due to presence of myoglobin 3. Fatigue-resistant |
| What is the physical appearance of a FAST-TWITCH GLYCOLYTIC muscle fiber? | 1. larger diameter 2. pale color 3. Easily fatigued |
| For the skeletal muscles, which one is the running/lifting/jumping muscles? | 1. Type I (slow oxidative) - Running muscle 2. Type IIa (fast oxidative) - Lifting muscle 3. Type IIx/IIb (fast glycolytic) - Jumping muscle |
| The response of skeletal muscle to an action potential in a motor neuron is called what? | a TWITCH of the muscle |
| T/F Single twitches may not generate enough force to 'get the job done' | TRUE |
| What happens when resistance is GREATER than the force of contraction? | ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION |
| T/F The relationship between control & number of motor neurons is INVERSED | TRUE |
| What's the difference between ISOTONIC vs ISOMETRIC contractions? | 1. Isotonic - involves movement 2. Isometric - no movement |
| The strength of contraction is dependant upon which 3 factors? | 1. Frequency of action potentials 2. Length of muscle prior to contraction 3. Number of functional motor units 4. Muscle hypertrophy 5. Muscle hyperplasia |
| How does one increase the frequency of action potentials?? | Via SUMMATION, causes TWITCHES to fuse (add together), generating greater contraction |
| T/F Fatigue causes muscle to gain tension despite continuing stimuli | False - causes muscle to LOSE tension |
| T/F Summation can lead to TETANUS | True - can be fused or unfused depending on frequency of action potentials |
| How else can you create a greater strength of contraction? | Alter the length of the muscle prior to contraction 1. optimal overlap of myosin & actin allows for generation of stronger contraction 2. the less myosin & actin overlap, the weaker the contraction |
| What happens when you increase the number of functional motor units? | You get a greater contraction. More motor units ==> stronger contraction |
| What is a motor unit? | A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates |
| What is RECRUITMENT? | Recruitment - adding additional motor units to INCREASE STRENGTH |
| What is muscle HYPERTROPHY? | 1. "Enlargement" 2. Adaptive response to stressing the muscle & causes an INCREASE in SIZE of muscle cells 3. May be result of MYOFIBRIL ENLARGEMENT or INCREASE in SARCOPLASMIC VOLUME |
| What is Muscle HYPERPLASIA? | 1. Increase in muscle due to FORMATION of NEW muscle cells. 2. Spliting of 1 muscle to turn it into 2 muscles |
| How is CARDIAC muscle similar to skeletal muscle? | 1. striated 2. sarcomere structure |
| How is CARDIAC similar to SMOOTH muscle? | 1. ELECTRICALLY linked to one another, some exhibit PACEMAKER potentials 2. Under sympathetic/parasympathetic control as well as HORMONE control 3. presennce of GAP JUNCTIONS in intercalated discs (allows it to function as single unit) |
| How is CARDIAC MUSCLE unlike SKELETAL muscle? | 1. muscle fibers shorter 2. may be BRANCHED 3. having SINGLE nucleus 4. T-tubules are larger, less frequent and over the z-discs |
| For cardiac muscles, how do they adapt for continuous contractions? | 1. increased vascularity/mitochondria/myoglobin 2. adaptation to prevent summation * Influx of Ca2+ from ECF thru L-TYPE Ca2+ channels causing a CICR (Calcium Induced Calcium Released) from sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| For cardiac muscles, the CICR prolongs the state of depolarization, why is that significant? | It increases the refractory period of the heart |
| T/F Variations in smooth muscle physiology allow for different autonomic tissues to have different characteristics? | TRUE |
| What are the various types of SMOOTH MUSCLES? | Controlled by SYMPATHETIC DIVISION of ANS 1. SINGLE UNIT 2. MULTI UNIT |
| What are the single unit smooth muscles? | 1. vascular 2. respiratory 3. digestive wall 4. urinary 5. reproductive |
| What are the multi unit smooth muscles? | Ocular (eye) |
| In SMOOTH MUSCLE, what does the sarcolemma contain? CAVEOLAE which contain: 1. receptors 2. g-proteins 3. 2ndary messenger generators 4. ion channels 5. protein kinases | |
| What type of receptors are in the CAVEOLAE of SMOOTH muscle? | 1. Prostacyclin 2. Endothelin 3. Serotonin 4. Muscarinic receptors 5. Adrenergic receptors |
| What type of 2ndary messenger generators are in the CAVEOLAE of SMOOTH muscle? | 1. Adenylyl cyclase 2. Phospholipase C |
| What type of ion channels are in the CAVEOLAE of SMOOTH muscle? | 1. L-Type Ca2+ channels 2. K+ channels |
| How is contraction of smooth muscles controlled? | By: 1. Acetylcholine 2. Norepinephrine 3. Nitric oxide |
| How does electrical properties and action vary in smooth muscle? | 1. may depolarize w/o contraction 2. may hyperpolarize 3. may contract w/o a change in membrane potential |
| T/F Smooth muscle have many operating parameters and 'integrates' the diff responses due to various electrical properties and action | TRUE |
| Describe the functional anatomical characteristics of SMOOTH muscle | 1. actin - myosin are longer but still create contractile force 2. focal adhesions 3. caveolae 4. varicosities 5. no sarcoplasmic reticulum activity |
| Describe the actin/myosin in smooth muscle | Actin-myosin are longer but still create contractile force 1. smooth muscle myosin isoform slower & longer 2. more actin than myosin (10-15 : 1 actin:myosin ratio vs 2-4:1 in skeletal) |
| What are focal adhesions? | In smooth muscle, these are ATTACHMENT PLAQUES on the sarcolemma and dense body intracellularly that actin anchors to |
| What are varicosities? | In smooth muscles, AUTONOMIC NERVES terminate with MULTIPLE SWELLINGS called varicosities |
| Describe the CONTRACTION steps 1-2 of smooth muscles | 1. Intracellular Ca2+ concentrations increase when Ca2+ enters cell and released from sarcoplasmic reticulum 2. Ca2+ binds to CALMODULIN (CaM) |
| Describe the CONTRACTION steps 3-5 of smooth muscles | 3. Ca2+/CaM activates myosin ligh chain kinase (MLCK) 4. MLCK phosphorylates ligh chains in myosin heads and increases myosin ATPase activity 5. Active myosin crossbridges slide along actin and create muscle tension |
| Describe the RELAXATION steps of smooth muscles | 1. Free Ca2+ in cytosol decrease when Ca2+ is pumped out of cell/back into sarcoplasmic reticulum 2. Ca2+ unbinds fr CaM 3. MYOSIN PHOSPHATASE remove phosphate fr myosin -> decrease myosin ATPase activity 4. Less myosin ATPase = less muscle tension |
Created by:
lophung
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