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Biology Study Guide
Module 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1.a. Absorption | The transport of dissolved substances into cells. |
| 1.b. Digestion | The breakdown of absorbed substances. |
| 1.c. Respiration | The breakdown of food molescules with a release of energy. |
| 1.d. Excretion | The removal of soluble waste materials. |
| 1.e. Egestion | The removal of nonsoluble waste materials. |
| 1.f. Secretion | The release of biosynthesized substances. |
| 1.g. Homeostasis | Maintaining the status quo. |
| 1.h. Reproduction | Producing more cells. |
| 1.i. Cytology | The study of cells. |
| 1.j. Cell Wall | A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells. |
| 1.k. Middle lamella | The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells. |
| 1.l. Plasma membrane | The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings. |
| 1.m. Cytoplasm | A jelly-like fluid inside the cell inwhich the organelles are suspended. |
| 1.n. Ions | Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons. |
| 1.o. Cytoplasmic streaming | The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents. |
| 1.p. Mitochondria | The organelles in which nutrients are converted into energy. |
| 1.q. Lysosome | The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids. |
| 1.r. Ribosomes | Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis. |
| 1.s. Endoplasmic reticulum | An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell. |
| 1.t. Rough ER | ER that is dotted ribosomes. |
| 1.u. Smooth ER | ER that has no ribosomes. |
| 1.v. Golgi bodies | The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell. |
| 1.w. Leucoplasts | Organelles that store starches or oils. |
| 1.x. Chromoplasts | Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis. |
| 1.y. Central vacuole | A large vacoule that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes. |
| 1.z. Waste vacuoles | Vacoules that contain the waste products of digestion. |
| 1aa. Phagocytosis | The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells. |
| 1bb. Phagocytic vacuole | A vacoule that holds the matter which a cell engulfs. |
| 1cc. Pinocytic vesicle | Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules. |
| 1dd. Secretion vesicle | Vesicle that holds secretion products so that they can be transported to the plasma membrane and released. |
| 1ee. Microtubules | Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure. |
| 1ff. Nuclear membrane | A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. |
| 1gg. Chromatin | Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell. |
| 1hh. Cytoskeleton | A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement. |
| 1ii. Microfilaments | Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton. |
| 1jj. Intermediate filaments | Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments. |
| 1kk. Phospholipid | A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group. |
| 1ll. Passive transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion. |
| 1mm. Active transport | Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy. |
| 1nn. Isotonic solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution. |
| 1oo. Hypertonic solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution. |
| 1pp. Plasmolysis | Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water. |
| 1qq. Cytolysis | The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure. |
| 1rr. Hypotonic solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution. |
| 1ss. Activation energy | Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going. |
| 2. Name the organelles that play a role in biosynthesis. | Golgi bodys, ribosomes, leucoplasts, nucleus, rough ER, smooth ER, and chloroplasts. |
| 3. What helps the cell hold its shape if it does not have a cell wall? | Cytoskeleton and the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| 4. How does a plant cell fight osmosis in a hypotonic solution? | Turgor pressure. |
| 5. A cell contains centrioles and lysosomes. Is it a plant or animal cell? | Animal. |
| 6. What organelles are involved in secretion? Don't worry about the biosynthesis necessary to get the secretion product. Just deal with the process after the product is made. | Secretion vesicles, Golgi bodies, plasma membrane, and the cell wall. |
| 7. What things in the cell (not just organelles, but anything we have studied) deal with the cellular movement? | Golgi bodies, cytoplasm, centrioles, secretion vesicles, waste vacoules, smooth ER, rough ER, and cytoskeleton. |
| 8. What are the 11 major tasks cells must perform? | Absorption, digestion, respiration, biosynthesis, excretion, egestion, secretion, movement, irritability, homeostasis, and reproduction. |
| 9. What is the plasma membrane made of? | Proteins, cholesterol, and phospholipids. |
| 10. What is the difference between a phospholipid and a regular lipid? | The lipid has three fatty acid molecules but the phospholipid only has two fatty acid molecules and a molecule with a phosphate group. |
| 11. What makes it possible for the plasma membrane to self-assemble? | They have hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends which allows them to reassemble. |
| 12. A cell begins running low on food, and its energy output decreases by 20%. What kind of plasma membrane transport (active or passive) is affected? | Active. |
| 13. Identify the structures pointed out below. | a. Hydrophilic end of phospholipid. b. Protein. c. Glycoprotein. d. Carbohydrate. e. Cholesterol. f. Filaments of the cytoskeleton. g. Glycolipid. |
| 14. If a cell dies by implosion, what kind of solution (isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic) was it in? | Hypertonic. |
| 15. List the four stages of aerobic cellular respiration in the order in which they occur. In addition, note the net number of ATP's that are made in each step. | 1. Glycolysis (Two ATPs) 2. Formation of acetyl coenzyme A (Zero ATPs) 3. Krebs cycle (Two) 4. Electron transport system (Thirty-two ATPs) |
| 16. What is ATP's purpose in the cell? | To store energy and gently release it as to not destroy a part of the cell. |
| 17. If a cell has no oxygen, what stage(s) of aerobic cellular respiration can still run? How many ATP's can it make from a molecule of glucose? | Glycolysis. Two. |
| 18. A scientist determines a means to extract all ADP from a cell. Why will this kill the cell? | Because the cell will not have a means to store or use energy. |
| 19. What organelle is responsible for breaking polysaccharides into monosaccharides? | Lysosome. |
Created by:
LiseBrinkley
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