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neurotransmitters
psychopharmacology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Communication between neurons are through | neurotransmitters and the receptors. |
| Parts of the neuron | body is the soma, axon terminal, axon, dendrites, schwann cells (make myelin sheath), nucleus, node of ranvier |
| Hormones now act as | neurotransmitters (histamines) |
| Acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in both | learning and memory and muscle movement |
| Dopmaine impacts our | arousal and mood states, thought processes, and physical movement |
| Serotonin and norepinephrine are neurotransmitters involved in levels of | arousal and mood, and play a major role in mood disorders such as depression |
| GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system | calms; low levels make people anxious. Antianxiety medications increase levels of GABA to inhibit excitation/calm people down |
| Glutamate is the main | excitatory neurotransmitter |
| Acetylcholine- (where synthesized) cells in | pedunculopontine complex project to midbrain, thalamus. Peripheral- motor neurons. |
| Electrical versus chemical impulses | chemical is longer- like meds which take time |
| Dopamine's synthetic precursor is | 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) – (useful for treatment of Parkinson's dz which presents with low dopamine. Schizophrenia on the other hand is thought to be predominantly due to excess dopamine). |
| Synthesis of Dopamine is synthesized in cell groups in the midbrain's | substantia nigrae and ventral tegmental areas (VTA) - note well. |
| Serotonin is also synthesized in | the gut- may cause the s/e of nausea- encourage the pt to continue to take |
| Acetylcholine is r/t | dementia and alzheimers |
| The four pathways relevant to the pharmacology of antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia are | 1) mesolimbic pathway (+ symptoms), 2) mesocortical pathway (- symptoms) 3) nigrostriatal pathway (EPS and tardive dyskinesia) 4) tuberoinfundibular pathway (hyperprolactinemia) |
| Dopaminergic pathways | mesolimbic, mesocortical, tuberoinfundibular and nigrostriatal pathway |
| Nigrostriatal pathway | Associated with movement. Depletion of dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway causes Parkinson's disease. |
| Mesolimbic pathway | Axons of a subset of neurons in the ventral tegmental areas (VTA) and terminate in the nucleus accumbens (also part of the corpus striata complex). |
| Mesocortical Pathway | The axons of a second subset of neurons in the VTA and continue on to innervate the frontal cortex. |
| Negative s/s | withdrawal, anhedonia, flat affect |
| Positive s/s | hallucinations, delusions… |
| Tuberoinfundibular pathway | Axons from these neurons project to an anatomically specific area of the pituitary gland called the infundibulum- connects the hypothalamus with the pituitary gland. |
| Hyperactivation(high levels of dopamine) from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to limbic areas might be related to | positive symptoms of schizophrenia. |
| Hypofunction(low levels of dopamine) of the mesocortical pathway might in part explain | cognitive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. |
| D2 blockade(excessive restriction of dopamine) of the nigrostriatal pathway can cause | EPS. |
| D2 blockade(excessive restriction of dopamine) of the tuberoinfundibular pathway increases | prolactin blood levels. |
| Low levels dopamine are associated with | Parkinson’s disease, and excessively high levels are associated with schizophrenia |
| L-Dopa is an agonist that increases production | of dopamine |
| Anti-psychotic drugs are antagonists that block the receptor sites for | dopamine |
| Amphetamine acts as an agonist by stimulating the release of | dopamine from axon terminals(explains why addicts may present with psychotic symptoms – positive sxs) |
| Cocaine is an agonist that blocks the re-uptake of | dopamine(may explain why users exhibit psychotic sxs) |
| Tryptophan serves as the precursor for the synthesis of | serotonin and melatonin |
| Synthesis of serotonin | the neurons of the raphe nuclei are the principal source of serotonin release(note well). |
| Highest concentration of serotonin | found in the platelets and in cells in the gastrointestinal tract, where it is used to regulate intestinal movements (explains why GI side effect is common with most antidepressants). |
| Epinephrine is synthesized in the | adrenal glands and released into the bloodstream when dangerous circumstances occur |
| Epinephrine rapidly prepares the body for action and boosts the supply of | oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles while suppressing other non-emergency bodily processes (digestion in particular). |
| Norepinephrine synthesis | Neurons in the loci coerulei, a pair of structures located within the pons of the brain stem, synthesize norepinephrine. |
| norepinephrine prepares the brain to encounter and respond to | stimuli from the environment, thereby facilitating vigilance. So in both roles, norepinephrine mediates arousal. |
| Glutamate, is GABA's excitatory | counterpart, in that Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system- Important role in learning and memory. |
| GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the primary | inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. |
| Lack of GABA may contribute to | epilepsy, a brain disorder resulting in uncontrolled movement and convulsions |
| Anti-anxiety drugs are agonists for | GABA |
| Four histamine receptors have been identified, all of which are | G protein-coupled receptors. |
| Histamine effects | Wakefulness, cognitive ability and food consumption.***Antihistamines may then cause sleepiness, and cognitive impairment or dulling |
| Glutamate is r/t | GABA- synthesized before GABA- for learning and memory |
| Gaba is derived from | glutamate gaba is used for neuropathy |
| H3 | central system effect- for children we give Vistaril |
| Inverse agonist | Drugs that bind to different area of the receptor and works to fully antagonize function- ie: parkinson’s med |
| Ventral tegmental area | where dopamine originates- our friend |
| Locus coeruleus | where norepinephrine originate |
| Raphe nuclei | where serotonin originates |
Created by:
arsho453
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