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Remediation
Remediation for Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is remediation? | A set of cost effective procedures to remove, reduce, or neutralize a hazard. |
| What is reclamation? | Reconstructing the landscape to pre existing conditions. |
| Give an example of a chemical dispersant. | Corexit |
| What is the problem with corexit? | It may be a carcinogen |
| What does a chemical dispersant do? | It causes a thick layer to split into smaller droplets and disperse. |
| What are three off shore remediation techniques? | Booms/skimmers, burn it, and chemical dispersants. |
| Factors affecting remediation method: | inorganics will not degrade; Volatiles can be removed with vapor extraction; solubles more likely to degrade and disperse; halogenated compounds less soluble. |
| In situ v ex situ | in situ means in place. ex situ is out of place. |
| What is bioremediation? | Using natural processes often involving bacteria. |
| What is biostimulation? | Adding nutrients to aid natural processes |
| What is bioaugmentation? | Adding foreign bacteria to the subsoil |
| Most projects use which method? | Dig and dump |
| Factors affecting excavation rate: | Material type and excavator size |
| Characteristics of landfills that can hold hazardous wastes: | double liner; leachate collection; leak detection; water monitors; impermeable covers; release response plans |
| What does NORMS mean? | Naturally occurring radioactive materials |
| Name a bacterium often used in bioremediation? | Pseudomonas |
| The C:N ratio needed by microbes | 8:1 |
| What is cometabolism? | The microbe relies on primary substrate to transform compounds |
| Example of cometabolism | Methanotrophs use methane to produce methane monooxygenase, which degrades TCE |
| The first order kinetic equation | C=Coe^-kt |
| How do you calculate the half life of a chemical? | 0.693/k |
| If the terminal electron acceptor is not oxygen, what kind of bacterium is it? | Anaerobic |
| Explain reductive dechlorination | A cometabolic anaerobe replaces Cl with H in a series of steps |
| Name a bacterium that can perform reductive dechlorination? | Clostridium bifermentans |
| Explain metal bioimmobilization | Microbes precipitate metals by changing their valency |
| Name a bacterial family which can immobilize metals | Geobacteraceae |
| What is the ideal moisture content for bioremediation? | 25% of the water holding capacity |
| Examples of ex situ bioremediation | Landfarms, biopiles, compost, and bioreactors |
| What is a land farm? | excavated soil is applied to lined beds in 45 cm lifts |
| Differentiate between a biopile and a landfarm. | Landfarms typically are spread out and use agricultural equipment, where as biopiles are mounds that use aerated pipes. |
| Differentiate between compost and a biopile. | Compost is much more thermophilic and uses bulk ingredients like straw, but biopiles are more mesophilic and manure is the only available amendment |
| What is a bioreactor? | Bioreactors treat contaminated slurries |
| Why might you use a bioreactor over an in situ method? | They can treat low permeability/heterogenous soils better and are often faster |
| Why is compost well suited for pesticide biodegradation? | More bioavailable to bacteria in the soil, and high temperatures aid in degradation. |
| Three compost designs | Pile, vessel, and windrow |
| Another name for hydraulic excavator | Track hoe |
| What are some basic components of a landfill? | Clay liner, synthetic liner, clay cap, protective cap |
| Why would you monitor groundwater around a landfill. | To ensure no leachate is leaking through the liners and into the environment |
| You find some water contaminated with organic contaminants. What could you do? | Chemical oxidation, activated charcoal, pump and treat |
| You find some water contaminated with salts, what could you do? | Reverse osmosis |
| When could phytoremediation be a viable option? | When removing salts or metals from soil |
Created by:
swilson67
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