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unit 2: basic mol
BIOL 288
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are two descriptions of cells | highly orchestrated (things happen in order) and dynamically changing (everything is moving) |
| what are the types of bonds | covalent, polar covalent, ionic and hydrogen |
| what are the interactions | van der Waals, hydrophobic |
| what are the 4 types of biological molecules | lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins |
| what are the "bricks" of cells | water, lipids, carbs, nucleotides, amino acids, and other (vit, signaling moles. metals, toxins, ion) |
| what are the most common elements in cells | CHNOPS |
| what are abundant elements in cells | K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na |
| what are the trace elements in cells | Cu, Mn, Co, Zn, Al, Mo |
| what makes up most of cell weight | water |
| what are macromolecules | large polymer, similar subunits held by covalent bonds |
| what is special about ionic bonds | meant to be weak so that rxns occur |
| what is forming bonds about | filling the outer electron shell to achieve the most stable state |
| what are nonpolar covalent bonds | equal sharing of electrons, fill outer shell, eg C-C bonds |
| what is valency of an atom | # of electrons needed to fill outer shell. # of covalent bonds it can form |
| what are the 4 properties fo carbon | 1. can make 4 covalent bonds. 2. can bond with a variety of other atoms including those that are part of important functional groups. 3. forms stable molecules due to covalent bonding. 4. C-C bonds are strong, which facilitates long chains, ring, branches |
| what does carbon form | stable, sturdy backbones of many biological molecules |
| what are ionic bonds | noncovalent bonds between charged atoms (ions). loss and gain of e- between atoms. atoms become charged and are attracted, |
| what are ionic bonds key in | protein structure, chromosome structure and muscle contraction |
| what are polar covalent bonds | intermediate between ionic and covalent. covalent bond with bias in e-sharing. higher electronegative atom gets more of the share. creates partial charges |
| what are the types of Van der Waals forces | 1. dipole-dipole (H bonds) 2. dipole-induced dipole 3. induced dipole-induced dipole( london dispersion) |
| what is a dipole | separation of opposite charges, polar molecules |
| 1. what ar dipole-dipole | molecules with partial charges generate weak forces, the H bond of water |
| 2. what are dipole-induced dipole | makes a nonpolar molecule a dipole one (induced) via pushing its charges(repelling) |
| 3. what is induced dipole-induced dipole | fluctuations in electron clouds cause brief, transient dipoles. |
| what percent of cells are water | 70% |
| what is water the principal force behind what? | cell forms, dynamics and function |
| what is the critical attribute of water | its polarity |
| what is polarity of water responsible for | cohesiveness, temp stabilizing capacity, solvent properties, hydrophobic effects, acid (H+ exchange) |
| what is water cohesiveness | H-bonds (up to 4) make 3D arrangement that involves the breaking and reforming bonds |
| what is the H bonds in liquid water | average bonding with 3.5 other water molecules |
| what is H bonds in ice | average bond with 4 molecules, bond length increases, dec density-floats |
| what things does H bonds in water account for | high surface tension, high boiling pt, high specific heat, high heat of vapourization |
| what is high tension of water | water droplets rounded shape (interaction of hydrophilic and phobic), capillary action of plants, insects walk |
| what is high boiling pt of water | more heat energy input needed to break H bonds and change state |
| what is high specific heat of water | energy to increase temp of 1 g by 1 degree C |
| what is high heat of vapourization of water | energy to convert 1 g liq to vapour |
| what is the temperature stabilizing capacity? | water takes a long time to heat (break H bonds) and long time to cool (reform H bonds). 5x that of sand |
| what gives water its temp stabilizing capacity | heat of vaporization |
| why would we overheat without waters temp stabilizing | metabolic processes generate so much energy, we wouldnt be able to release |
| what cooling properties does high heat of vap give | evaporative cooling, draws heat from organisms, thaw meat in cool water |
| what are the solvent properties of water from | its polarity and tendency to form hydration spheres around molecules |
| what can water dissolve | polar org (sugar, nucleic acids, some AA), ions, biological compounds(carboxyl groups, phosphate, amino) |
| what are the hydrophobic effects of water | water fearing(lipids and proteins within cell membrane). key to ensure cell membrane stability |
| what are the 4 main types of biological molecules | lipids, carbs, nucleic acids, proteins |
Created by:
abc273
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