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Holes A&P Ch 1 Terms
Bold print terms & definitions from Hole's A&P Ch 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anatomy (ah-nat′o-me) | is the branch of science that deals with the structure (morphology) of body parts— their forms and how they are organized. |
| physiology (fiz′′e-ol′o-je) | on the other hand, concerns the functions of body parts—what they do and how they do it. |
| atoms (at′omz) | Smallest particles of an element that have the properties of that element. |
| molecule (mol′e ̆-ku ̄l) | A particle composed of two or more joined atoms. |
| macromolecules (mak-ro ̄ mol′e ̆-ku ̄lz) | Large molecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids. |
| cell (sel) | The structural and functional unit of life. |
| organelle (or′′gah-nel′) | A structure in a cell that has a specialized function. |
| tissues (tish′uz) | Groups of similar cells that perform a specialized function. |
| organ (or′gan) | A structure consisting of a group of tissues with a specialized function |
| organ system (or′gan sis′tem) | A group of organs coordinated to carry on a specialized function. |
| organism (or′gah-nizm) | An individual living thing. |
| metabolism (me ̆-tab′o-lizm) | All of the chemical reactions in cells that break down or build up substances. |
| water | A requirement for organisms and is the most abundant chemical in the body. |
| foods | A requirement for organisms and is the substances that provide the body with necessary chemicals (nutrients) in addition to water. |
| oxygen | A requirement for organisms and is a gas that is used to release energy from food substances. |
| heat | A requirement for organisms and is a form of energy. |
| pressure | A requirement for organisms and is the application of force to something. In humans atmospheric pressure in important in breathing. |
| internal environment (in-ter′ne ̆ l en-vi- ruhment) | The fluid surrounding body cells. |
| homeostasis (ho′′me-o-sta′sis) | A state of balance in which the body’s internal environment remains in the normal range. |
| Homeostatic mechanisms | self-regulating control systems the body uses to maintain stability. |
| receptors (re-sep′torz) | Specialized cells that provide information about the environment. Also, cell surface structures that bind particular molecules, called ligands, thereby transmitting a signal to inside the cell. |
| set point | A component of a homeostatic mechanism that establishes the range that is optimal for a particular measurement. |
| effectors (e-fek′torz) | Muscles or glands that effect changes in the body. |
| negative feedback (neg′ah-tiv fe ̄d′bak) | A mechanism activated by an imbalance that corrects the imbalance. |
| positive feedback system (poz′ ̆ı-tiv fe ̄d′bak sis′tem) | Process by which changes cause additional similar changes, producing unstable conditions. |
| axial (ak′se-al) | Pertaining to the head, neck, and trunk. |
| appendicular (ap′′en-dik′u-lar) | Pertaining to upper or lower limbs. |
| cranial cavity (ˈkrānēəl kav′ ̆ı-te) | refers to the gap or space formed inside the skull. |
| Vertebral canal (vur-tuh-bruh-l kəˈnal) | a column of space within the vertebra through which the spinal cord passes. Also known as the spinal cavity. |
| thoracic cavity (tho-ras′ik kav′ ̆ı-te) | The space above the diaphragm in the chest. |
| abdominopelvic cavity (ab-dom′′ ̆ı-no- pel′vik kav′ ̆ı-te) | The space between the diaphragm and the lower portion of the trunk of the body. |
| viscera (vis′er-ah) | Organs in body cavities, especially in the abdomen. |
| diaphragm (di′ah-fram) | A sheetlike structure largely composed of skeletal muscle and connective tissue that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. |
| mediastinum (me′′de-as-ti′num) | Tissues and organs of the thoracic cavity that form a septum between the lungs. |
| abdominal cavity (ab-dom′ ̆ı-nal kav′ ̆ı-te) | The space between the diaphragm and the pelvis. |
| pelvic cavity (pel′vik kav′ ̆ı-te) | The space between the hipbones that encloses the terminal portion of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs. |
| oral cavity (ôrəl kav′ ̆ı-te) | The cavity of the mouth |
| nasal cavity (na′zal kav′ ̆ı-te) | Space in the nose. |
| orbital cavity (ôrbədl kav′ ̆ı-te) | The space containing the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves. |
| Middle ear cavity | An air-filled, membrane-lined space located between the ear canal and the Eustachian tube, cochlea, and auditory nerve. The eardrum separates this space from the ear canal. |
| pericardial (per′′ ̆ı-kar′de-al) membrane | A membrane that surrounds the heart. |
| parietal (pah-ri′e ̆-tal) | Pertaining to the wall of a cavity. |
| pleural membranes (ploo′ral mem′bra ̄nz) | Serous membranes that enclose the lungs and line the chest wall. |
| integumentary (in-teg-u-men′tar-e) system | The skin and its accessory structures. |
| skeletal (skel′e ̆-tal) system | System that consists of bones, as well as ligaments and cartilages that bind bones together. |
| muscular (mus′ku- lar) system | An organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. |
| nervous (ner′vus) system (see chapter 9) | System that consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs. |
| endocrine (en′do-krin) system | System that includes all the glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones. |
| cardiovascular (kahr′′de-o- vas′ku-lur) system | System that includes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood. |
| lymphatic (lim-fat′ik) system | System composed of the lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen. |
| digestive (di-jest′iv) system | System that receive foods from the outside. Then they break down food molecules into simpler forms that can pass through cell membranes and be absorbed. |
| respiratory (re-spi′rah-to′′re) system | System that moves air in and out and exchange gases between the blood and the air. The nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bron- chi, and lungs are parts of this system. |
| urinary (u′r ̆ı-ner′′e) system | System that consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. |
| reproductive (re′′pro- duk′tiv) system | A system of an organism that produces whole new organisms like itself. |
| anatomical position | When the body is standing erect, face forward, with the upper limbs at the sides and the palms forward. |
| superior (soo-pe′re-or) Structure | Above another structure. |
| inferior (in-fer′e-or) | Below something else; pertaining to the lower surface of a part. |
| anterior (an-te′re-or) | Pertaining to the front. |
| posterior (pos-te ̄r′e-or) | Toward the back; the opposite of anterior. |
| medial (me′de-al) | Toward or near the midline. |
| lateral (lat′er-al) | Pertaining to the side. |
| bilateral | Refers to paired structures, one of which is on each side. |
| ipsilateral | Refers to structures on the same side. |
| contralateral | Refers to structures on the opposite side. |
| superficial | Means situated near the surface. |
| deep | Describes parts that are more internal than superficial parts. |
| proximal (prok′s ̆ı-mal) | Closer to the point of attachment; opposite of distal. |
| distal (dis′tal) | Further from a point of attachment; opposite of proximal. |
| sagittal (saj′ ̆ı-tal) | A plane or section that divides a structure into right and left portions. |
| transverse (tranz-vers′) | A plane that divides a structure into superior and inferior portions. |
| coronal (kor′o-nul) | A plane that divides a structure into anterior and posterior portions. |
| epigastric region (ep′′ ̆ı-gas′trik re′jun) | The upper middle portion of abdomen. |
| Left and right hypochondriac regions | Lie on each side of the epigastric region. |
| Left and right lumbar regions | Lie on each side of the umbilical region. |
| umbilical region (um-bil′ ̆ı-kal re′jun) | The central portion of the abdomen. |
| hypogastric region (hi′′po-gas′trik re′jun) | The lower middle portion of the abdomen. |
| iliac region (il′e-ak re′jun) | Part of the abdomen on either side of the lower middle or hypogastric region. |
| abdominal (ab-dom′ ̆ı-nal) | The region between the thorax and pelvis. |
| acromial (ah-kro′me-al) | The point of the shoulder. |
| antebrachial (an′′te-bra′ke-al) | The forearm. |
| antecubital (an′′te-ku′b ̆ı-tal) | The space in front of the elbow. |
| axillary (ak′s ̆ı-ler′′e) | The armpit. |
| brachial (bra′ke-al) | The arm. |
| buccal (buk′al) | The cheek. |
| carpal (kar′pal) | The wrist. |
| celiac (se′le-ak) | The abdomen. |
| cephalic (se ̆-fal′ik) | The head. |
| cervical (ser′v ̆ı-kal) | The neck. |
| costal (kos′tal) | The ribs. |
| coxal (kok′sal) | The hip. |
| crural (kroor′al) | The leg. |
| cubital (ku′b ̆ı-tal) | The elbow. |
| digital (dij′ ̆ı-tal) | The finger or toe. |
| dorsal (dor′sal) | The back. |
| femoral (fem′or-al) | The thigh. |
| frontal (frun′tal) | The forehead. |
| genital (jen′ ̆ı-tal) | The reproductive organs. |
| gluteal (gloo′te-al) | The buttocks. |
| inguinal (ing′gw ̆ı-nal) | The groin—the depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh. |
| lumbar (lum′bar) | The loin—the region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis. |
| mammary (mam′er-e) | The breast. |
| mental (men′tal) | The chin. |
| nasal (na′zal) | The nose. |
| occipital (ok-sip′ ̆ı-tal) | The lower posterior region of the head. |
| oral (o′ral) | The mouth. |
| orbital (or′bi-tal) | The eye cavity. |
| otic (o′tik) | The ear. |
| palmar (pahl′mar) | The palm of the hand. |
| patellar (pah-tel′ar) | The front of the knee. |
| pectoral (pek′tor-al) | The chest. |
| pedal (ped′al) | The foot. |
| pelvic (pel′vik) | The pelvis. |
| perineal (per′′ ̆ı-ne′al) | The perineum—the region between the anus and the external reproductive organs. |
| plantar (plan′tar) | The sole of the foot. |
| popliteal (pop′′l ̆ı-te′al) | The area behind the knee. |
| sacral (sa′kral) | The posterior region between the hipbones. |
| sternal (ster′nal) | The middle of the thorax, anteriorly. |
| sural (su′ral) | The calf of the leg. |
| tarsal (tahr′sal) | The instep of the foot. |
| umbilical (um-bil′ ̆ı-kal) | The navel. |
| vertebral (ver′te-bral) | The spinal column. |
| cardiology (kar′′de-ol′o-je) | Branch of medical science dealing with the heart and heart diseases. |
| cytology (si-tol′o-je) | Study of the structure, function, and abnormalities of cells. Cytology and histology are subdivisions of microscopic anatomy. |
| dermatology (der′′mah-tol′o-je) | Study of the skin and its diseases. |
| endocrinology (en′′do-kr ̆ı-nol′o-je) | Study of hormones, hormone-secreting glands, and their diseases. |
| epidemiology (ep′′ ̆ı-de′′me-ol′o-je) | Study of the factors determining the distribution and frequency of health-related conditions in a defined human population. |
| gastroenterology (gas′′tro-en′′ter-ol′o-je) | Study of the stomach and intestines and their diseases. |
| geriatrics (jer′′e-at′riks) | Branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems. |
| gerontology (jer′′on-tol′o-je) | Study of the aging process. |
| gynecology (gi′′ne ̆-kol′o-je) | Study of the female reproductive system and its diseases. |
| hematology (he ̄m′′ah-tol′o-je) | Study of the blood and blood diseases. |
| histology (his-tol′o-je) | Study of the structure and function of tissues. Histology and cytology are subdivisions of microscopic anatomy. |
| immunology (im′′u-nol′o-je) | Study of the body’s resistance to infectious disease. |
| neonatology (ne′′o-na-tol′o-je) | Study of newborns and the treatment of their disorders. |
| nephrology (ne ̆-frol′o-je) | Study of the structure, function, and diseases of the kidneys. |
| neurology (nu-rol′o-je) | Study of the nervous system and its disorders. |
| obstetrics (ob-stet′riks) | Branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth. |
| oncology (ong-kol′o-je) | Study of cancers. |
| ophthalmology (of′′thal-mol′o-je) | Study of the eye and eye diseases. |
| orthopedics (or′′tho-pe′diks) | Branch of medicine dealing with the muscular and skeletal systems and their problems. |
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