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Hydrogeology
Hydrogeology until midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name different kinds of runoff. | Stream flow, overland flow, interflow, and channel flow. |
| What is interflow? | Water enters the soil but is discharged somewhere else on the surface, not into ground water. |
| What is percolation? | Water in the soil sinks into the groundwater system. |
| What is advection? | The movement of clouds |
| What is hydrogeology? | The study of how water and geological matter interact. |
| Define interception. | Precipitation which is caught and held by vegetation and lost to evaporation. |
| What are ways which runoff can be classified? | According to speed and source. |
| Define interflow. | Watre moves laterally through the soil and then enters a stream channel. |
| Another term for interflow. | subsurface storm flow |
| Differentiate between groundwater recharge and discharge? | Recharge occurs when water enters the saturated zone and inflows into the resevoir. Discharge occurs when water is removed from the saturated zone by flowing across the water table. |
| How much of the world's fresh water does Canada have? | 20 percent. |
| How much of the world's water is fresh? | 4% |
| How much of the world's water is in ice? | 2.97% |
| How much of the world's water is in the ground? | 1.05% |
| What are three types of precipitation formation? | Convectional, cyclonic, and orographic |
| What is convectional rainfall? | Hot moist air rises, cools, condenses, and precipitates. |
| What is cyclonic rainfall? | Two different temperature fronts meet, and the warm front is pushed upwards where it quickly condenses and precipitates. |
| How does orographic rainfall work? | moist air reaches a boundary, where it then rains on the windward side, but is dry on the leeward side. |
| differentiate between freezing rain and sleet. | Freezing rain freezes on contact.Sleet freezes just before. |
| What is graupel? | Snow pellets between 2 and 5 mm |
| How are temperature and snow crystals related? | The temperature affects the shape. Warmer is more needle like |
| Two types of rain gauges | Tipping bucket and standard gauge |
| Explain how a tipping bucket measures rainfall. | Each bucket is a set amount (0.25mm) and tips into a larger bucket. The number of times the bucket tips is recorded. Multiply amount by number tips. |
| Explain how a standard rain gauge works. | The actual rain amount is 1/10 of the amount in the measuring tube. |
| Three ways of measuring rainfall distribution. | Arithmetic average Isohyetal Thiessen polygon |
| With what type of topography can you accurately use the arithmetic average? | flat |
| Explain the isohyetal method. | Interpolation between gauges set at specific increments, with isohyets representing equal rain depths. |
| Explain the thiessen polygon method. | Similar to isohyetal, but polygons are formed from the middle points between gauges. |
| What are the three acceptable purging strategies? | 1. The pump til you're dry and let it refill 2. Purge 3x well volume 3. Parameter stabilization |
| Why do you purge a well? | To get a more representative sample |
| Problems associated with monitoring | Contaminated samples Well material causing chemistry changes Sample deterioration Sucky lab practices |
| Types of well casings | Stick up and flush mounted |
| How does a water level meter work? | Senses the pressure difference between air and water |
| When would you use an oil/water interface meter? | When there is a floating NAPL layer that you need to know the thickness of |
| What is a NAPL | non aqueous phase liquid |
| Name 3 purging/sampling devices. | Bailer Syringe Peristaltic pump Bladder pump Inertia lift pump Gas driven pump Electric submersible pump Discrete interval pump Drive point profiler |
| What purge/sample devices can you use with VoCs | Syringe, inertia lift pump |
| How do you use a discrete interval sampler | 1. pressurize 2. lower 3. release pressure to collect 4. repressurize |
| Define an aquifer | Rock layer that goes with the flow |
| Define an aquitard | Allows for flow but is unattainable |
| Define an aquiclude | Saturated but doesn't transmit so acts like a barrier |
| Define an aquifuge | Just a good for nothing water blocking rock |
| Another word for unconfined aquifer | Phreatic |
| Another word for confined aquifer | Artesian |
| What is a darcy? | 1. A terrible name 2. The equivalent of one cubic centimeter/second at viscosity, pressure, and area of one. |
| Define an artesian well | Flows up without a pump (because artists are really pressured) |
| What is the potentiometric surface? | The level to which the water rises in an artesian well (equivalent to how much money and fame an artist would receive if discovered) |
| Define perched aquifer | A small unconfined aquifer just above the main water table |
| Why is porosity not a good indicator of flow? | Because the water movement is related to pore size, not the number of pores |
| Define specific yield | The proportion of water which readily drains or the water volume drained/rock volume |
| Define specific retention | The exact opposite of specific yield (water retained/rock volume) |
| The sum of specific yield and retention. | porosity |
| Summarize Darcy's law. | The amount of flow is proportional to the area, hydraulic head, and material nature |
| Q means flow. What does q mean | flux (as in: for flux sake, can they use more letters of the alphabet) |
| A negative k value indicated what type of water movement? | high to low |
| How could you apply Darcy's law? | Predict groundwater flow and/or contaminant flow |
| T= K*b What is T and what is b | T is transmissivity b is aquifer thickness |
| Differentiate between rock and mineral | Rock is many minerals, also a music genre Mineral has definite chemical composition |
| Differentiate mafic vs felsic | mafic has lots of magnesium and iron- darker alkaline soil felsic has feldspar and silica- light sandy acidic soil |
| Two types of igneous rock | Volcanic and plutonic |
| pumice is porous and granite is not, but both are igneous. How is this possible? | Pumice is formed extrusively, and the lava cooling can trap lots of gas bubbles |
| The heck is diagenesis | Diagenesis is the formation of sedimentary rocks through layering, compaction, and time. |
| Cementing materials in sedimentary rocks | Calcite, dolomite and silica |
| How might you differentiate conglomerate from breccia? | Conglomerate is a rounded clastic rock. Breccia is an angular clastic rock. Not to be mistaken with classic rock, which has nothing to do with geology. |
| Two types of porosity | Primary, or between grains Secondary, or from fractured |
| Quaternary rocks are from 10 000 ya to now. What is the significance of the 10 000 ya? | Glaciation |
| What is a chemical sedimentary rock? | Sediments crystalize from dissolved compounds |
| Bedrock is typically from which geologic time? | Cretaceous |
| Three aspects of groundwater affected by bedrock geology. | Ions, quality, flow |
| What is the Edmonton group? | The horsehoe canyon, whitemud, battle, and scollard formations. Filled with bentonitic sandstone, siltstones, and silty claystones. Coal seams |
| What formation underlies the Edmonton group? | The bearpaw formation; marine shales, glauconitic sandstone, ironstone, and bentonite. |
| What does glauconitic refer to? | Iron potassium silicate |
| What other formations exist around Edmonton/AB? | Belly river, wapiti, and paskapoo. |
| What formation is found over most of AB? | Wapiti |
| T or F Edmonton aquifers are a common source of groundwater. | T |
| What is Bowen's reaction series? | The order in which minerals crystallize. |
| Why is pH a master variable? | pH controls the distribution of ionic species like carbonates and bicarbonates. |
Created by:
swilson67
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