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Air Quality Sem 2
First Quiz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are issues surrounding ozone? | Tropospheric ozone is being generated while stratospheric ozone is being depleted. |
| What are the three major reactions in the ozone cycle? | NO+ O3= NO2 +O2 NO2= NO + O O + O2= O3 |
| What is the concentration of ozone at a steady state? | 40 micrograms per metre cubed |
| What species must be present for secondary ozone to form? | HO radical heat over 18c stagnant air NOx NMHC/sinks of |
| Describe ozone sinks. | During the day, ozone builds up. At night, ozone is used to make nitric acid. |
| Describe the varying levels of chemicals on a smoggy day. | Morning- NOx and NMHC low Rush- Sharp NO and NMHC rise Mid Morn- NO drops, NO2/O3/aldehydes rise Noon- NO2 drops, O3/aldehydes/PAN peak Afternoon- everything drops |
| What happens in a smog chamber? | UV is used to irradiate NMHC and NO/NO2 to generate ozone |
| What are the two phases of ozone accumulation? | 1. NO2 and O2 react with the sun to form ozone 2. HC generates aldehydes which produce radicals. Radicals react with NO2, meaning ozone accumulates |
| What two effects were found as a result of ozone exposure in animal studies? | The ciliated cells in the mucociliary escalator are injured, and pulmonary odema develops. |
| In human studies, which five things happen as a direct result of increased ozone levels? | 1. Decreased pulmonary function 2. Aggravated respiratory disease 3. Hospital admissions 4. Premature death 5. Asthma |
| What are the two non-attainment zones in Canada? | Lower Fraser Valley and the Windsor-Quebec Corridor |
| What is the current 1-hr objective for ozone in AB? | 160 micrograms/m3 |
| What are the four levels of action | 1. Baseline monitoring 2. Surveillance 3. Management Plan 4. Mandatory Plan |
| Which four AB cities require management plans? | Edmonton, Red Deer, and Calgary |
| What effects does ozone have on vegetation? | Flecking, and needle death. |
| Define a particle. | Any atmospheric material other than pure water. |
| What are two types of particles? | Particulate and aerosols |
| What are the sources of particles? | Natural/anthropogenic, primary/secondary |
| What are some characteristics of particles? | They have a wide range of diameters, shapes, densities, and compositions. |
| Why is particle size important? | It impacts particle growth, accumulation on its surface, and the half life. |
| What can particle size impact? | Visibility and human health. |
| What are the two major fractions of particles? | Coarse (larger than PM2.5) and fine |
| What does AED stand for? | Aerodynamic Equivalent Diameter |
| Why is AED needed? | Because there are many shapes of particles, this normalized the diameter to a spherical density of 1 gram per centimeter cubed. |
| What are the three types of fine particle? | ultra fine aitken nuclei accumulation |
| What are three notes about ultra fine particles? | They are generated by nucleation. They have almost no mass. They can get in the alveoli. |
| What are notes about aitken nuclei? | Formed by combustion, and a very short half life due to coagulative tendencies. |
| How might coarse particles form? | By mechanical processes such as solid fragmentation and liquid vaporization |
| Differentiate between PM 10 and PM 2.5 | PM 10 is larger and can get into the naso-pharyngeal and tracheo-bronchial areas. PM 2.5 is fine and can get into the alveoli |
| How are particle shape and composition related? | shape is dependent upon the composition and formation process |
| Differentiate between composition of fine and coarse particulate. | Fine is usually secondary pollutants like sulfates and nitrates. Coarse is usually primary pollutants and crustal elements. |
| What is the difference in PM 2.5 in the East vs West? | In the East, most of it is sulfate. In the west, most of it is nitrate |
| Which fine particle is likely to affect visibility and why? | Accumulation. This is because the visible spectrum is between 0.4 and 0.7 micrometers, and accumulation particles can be in this range. |
| What are the different types of light scattering? | Reflection, diffraction, and refraction. |
| Differentiate between diffraction and refraction. | Both are forward scattering, but diffraction goes around the particle, and refraction goes through the particle. |
| What factors of meteorology affect visibility? | Sun, wind, stagnation, and humidity. |
| Four stages in a management plan. | 1. Baseline monitoring 2. Surveillance action 3. Management plan 4. Mandatory plan |
| Is carbon monoxide mostly natural or anthropogenic? | Natural |
| As a natural pollutant, is carbon monoxide primary or secondary? | Secondary |
| As an anthropogenic pollutant, is carbon monoxide primary or secondary? | 50/50 |
| What are two ways that methane can be formed from combustion? | Incomplete hydrocarbon combustion or high temperature carbon dioxide dissociation. |
| What are sinks of carbon monoxide? | Oxidation to carbon dioxide or soil sequestration. |
| How does carbon monoxide impact human health? | It is a competitive inhibitor for hemoglobin |
| What is the normal background concentration of hemoglobin in the blood? | 1 percent. |
| T or F Studies show that exposure to highly soluble ozone can lead to damaged mucus secreting cells. | False. It is not a polar molecule and damages the ciliated cells |
| Why does incomplete combustion form more carbon monoxide? | Carbon monoxide is formed from carbon a lot fasted than carbon monoxide goes to carbon dioxide. |
Created by:
swilson67
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