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Emerging infectious

QuestionAnswer
Emerging infectious disease completely new disease or an old disease occurring in new places or new people, with new presentations, or is newly resistant to available treatments.
Patterns or emergence 1. altogether new(AIDS) 2. old disease new place(Smallpox) 3. old disease reintroduced(dengue) 4. old disease new population(malaria) 5. increased virulence(influenza) 6. drug resistance(Campylobacter)
Altogether new new to humans, existed in animal population somewhere previously. Ex: legionnaire's disease 1976, HIV 1980s, Marburg/ebola 1960s, hantavirus 1990s, SARS 2000s
Re-emerging diseases resurgent due to shift in environment/behavior, stopping of vaccination.
Re-emerging due to stopping vaccination Diptheria, pertussis, herpes zoster, measles, polio. All are usually held in check by vaccination, people may believe risk of vaccine complications outweigh te risk of the disease
Re-emerging due to changes in social/environmental practices TB: homeless, prison, IV drug users, emergence of HIV. Malaria: discontinued use of DDT
Old diseases in new places: new host populations Plague (europe to asia), smallpox (old world to new), syphilis (new world to old), cholera (world from India), measles (Pacific Islands), Polio (inuit people)
Old diseases in new orfices: STI anal/oral sex allow GI pathogens to make the jump to STDs (giardia lamblia, amoeba, shigella, E. coli)
Old bugs with increase virulence H1N1: 1918 pandemic. H5N1: 1976 Hong Kong. S. aureus exotoxin: US 1980s. Flesh eating strep: US 1990s. E. coli O157:H7: US 1990s
Drug resistance penicillinase + Neisseria gonorrhea, MDR TB, MRSA
Heliobacter pylori first seen in stomach 1875, gastric disease in 1899, showed ulcers could be cured with antibiotics in 1947, first cultured in 1981, 2005 nobel prize for demonstrating its pathogenicity
Diseases we are just recognizing as infectious HPV, XMRV (prostate cancer), Mycoplasma (diabetes mellitus), Chlamydia pneumoniae (atherosclerosis), Toxoplasma gondii (Schizophrenia), Prions (alzheimers/ALS), EBV (MS), CMV (atherosclerosis)
NIAID group I newly recognized pathogens in past 2 decades acanthamebiasis, austrialian bat lyssavirus, atypical babesia, bartonella henselae, erlichiosis, enchepalitazoon cuniculi hellem and bieneusi, H. pylori, Hep C and E, HHV 6 and 8, lyme borreliosis, Parvovirus B19
Group II: re-emerging enterovirus 71, C. difficile, mumps, group A strep, S. aureus
Group III agents with bioterrorism potential. Category A anthrax, botulism, plague, smallpox, tularemia, viral hemorrhagic fevers
Group III: Category B Q fever, brucellosis, glanders, Psittacosis, ricin toxin, C. perfringens, Staph enterotoxin B, typhus fever
Group III category B food/water borne pathogens E.coli, vibrios, shigella, salmonella, listeria monocytogenes, campylobacter jejuni, yersinia enterolytica, HepA, crypto, giardia, entamoeba histolytica, toxoplasma, microsporidia
Group III category B viral encephalitides WNV, LaCrosse, VEE, WEE, EEE, Japanses encephalitis, Kyasanur forest virus, CA encephalitis
Group III category C emerging infectious disease threats: Nipah virus, hantavirus
Created by: kamarsh
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