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Pham Prinicples
ATI 1-6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pharmacokinetics | Refers to how medications travel through the body |
| Absorption | Transmission of medications from the location of administration to the blood stream. |
| Absorption pattern: Oral | Varies due to stability and solubility of med, GI PH and emptying time, presence of food, concurrent medications, forms of medications |
| Enteral | Through the GI Tract |
| Parental | By injection |
| Barriers to absorption: Sublingual | Swallowing before dissolution, allows gastric PH to deactivate medication |
| Absorption pattern: Sublingual | Quick absorption systematically though highly vascular mucous membranes |
| Barriers to absorption: Inhalation | Respiratory Effort |
| Absorption pattern: | Rapid absorption through alveolar capillary networks |
| Barriers to absorption: Intradermal, topical | Close proximity of epidermal cells |
| Absorption pattern: Intradermal, topical | Slow, gradual absorption. Effects primarily local, but systematic as well, especially with lipid soluble medications passing through subq fatty tissue |
| Barriers to absorption: IM, SubQ | Capillary walls have large spaces between cells, so no significant barrier |
| Absorption pattern: IM, SubQ | Solubility of medication in water: Highly soluble have rapid absorption, poorly soluble have slow absorption. Blood perfusion at site of injection. Sites with poor perfusion=slow absorption. |
| Absorption pattern IV: | Immediately in bloodstream and Complete: reaches in entirety . |
| Barriers to absorption: IV | None |
| Distribution | Transportation of medications to sites of action by bodily fluids |
| Factors affecting distribution: | Circulation, permeability of cell membrane, plasma protein binding |
| Plasma protein binding | Meds compete for protein binding sites in bloodstream, primarily albumin. The ability of medication to bind to a protein can affect how much medication will travel to target tissues. Two medications can compete for binding sites, resulting in toxicity. |
| Factors affecting metabolism of meds | Age, increase in some medication-metabolizing enzymes, first-pass effect, similar metabolic pathways, nutritional status |
| Infants have a ________ medication-metabolizing capacity. | Limited |
| ________________ Tends to decline with age | Hepatic medication metabolism. |
| First-pass effect | Liver inactivates some medications on their first pass through the liver, and thus they require a nonenteral route (Sublingual, IV) because of their high first-pass effect |
| Similar Metabolic pathways | When the same pathway metabolizes two medications, it can alter the metabolism of one or both. In this way, the rate of metabolism is slowed, leading to accumulation. |
| Excretion | Elimination of medications from the body, primarily through the kidneys.. Can also take place through the liver, lungs ,intestines, and exocrine glands. |
| Therapeutic Index (TI) | The level between the minimum effective concentration and toxicity. High TI=Wide safety margin. Low TI=slim safety margin, need for routine serum monitoring. |
| Plateau | Medication's concentration in a series of doses |
| Peak level | Highest plasma level between doses |
| Trough level | Level drawn directly before next dose is due, lowest level of medication between doses |
| Half-life (t1/2) | Refers to the time for the medication in the body to drop by 50%. |
| Pharmacodynamics | Describes the interaction between medications and target cells, body systems, and organs to produce effect. |
| Agonsits | Medications that bind to or mimic the receptor activity that endogenous compounds regulate. Example: Morphine is agonist because it activates the receptors that produce analgesia and sedation. |
| Antagonist | Meds that can block the usual receptor activity that endogenous compounds regulate or receptor activity of other medications. |
| Partial agonists | Act as both agonists and antagonists, with limited affinity to receptor sites. Example, nalbuphine acts against pain receptors but not respiratory receptors, causing analgesia but no respiratory depression. |
| Chemical Name | The name of the medication that reflects its chemical composition and molecular structure. |
| Generic Name | Official or nonproprietary name the US Adopted Names Council gives a medication. Each medication has only one _______ name. |
| Trade Name | Brand or proprietary name the company that manufactures the medication gives it. One med can have multiple _______ names. |
| Uncontrolled substances | Require monitoring by a provider, but do not generally pose risks of abuse and addiction. |
| Controlled substances | Have a potential for abuse and dependence. |
| Schedule I Drugs | Have no medical use and risk for dependence. |
| Schedule II-V Drugs | Have legitimate medical uses. Each level has a decreasing risk of abuse. |
Created by:
Snmichaelsn
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