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Bio (C&G) Test II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In the fluid mosaid model, the ___________ regions of a biological membrane are in the maximum contact with water (and water-soluble solutes). | hydrophilic |
| In a fluid mosaic model, the __________ regions of a biological membrane are in contact with a mostly nonaqueous environment within the membrane. | hydrophobic |
| Membranes display selective permeability. For example, while fatty acids O2 & CO2 can readily pass through the phospholipids bilayer, ions and molecules such as water & glucose must move via specific __________. | channel or carrier transport proteins |
| Whenever any substance moves across a biological membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lesser concentration, that is a form of passive transport known as __________. | diffusion |
| If one were comparing the relative amounts of water and dissolved material in human blood versus distilled water, the most appropriate term to describe the blood would be: __________. | hypertonic |
| If one were comparing the relative amounts of water and dissolved material in human blood versus seawater, the most appropriate term to describe the blood would be: __________. | hypotonic |
| If a man drank seawater, the net resulting direction of osmosis would be from: __________. | Body cells to his tissue fluids |
| Glucose cant normally cross the plasma membrane directly to enter a cell. When insulin is present, glucose will move down its concentration gradient & enter the cell w/ no energy cost. This passive movement suggests the presence of a _____ in the membrane | carrier protein |
| When a substance is moved across a membrane __________ active transport is required. | against its concentration gradient |
| The best-known electrogenic pump regulation nerve impulse transmission and other key events is the __________ pump. | sodium-potassium |
| Electrogenic pumps in the internal membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts are responsible for building up high __________ ion concentrations that drive chemiosmosis. | hydrogen |
| The metabolic pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds are called __________ or biosynthetic pathways. | anabolic |
| Which of the following most clearly represents kinetic energy: | a photon entering a leaf |
| According to the first law of thermodynamics: | energy can neither be created or destroyed and energy can be converted from one form to another |
| No energy conversion is 100% efficient (in terms of doing work). Instead, for each conversion, some energy will always be lost in the form of __________ and entrophy will be increased in the universe. | heat |
| Since any amount of glucose contains so much more energy than an equal amount of CO2 & H2O, in terms of energy, the conversion of CO2 & H2O into glucose may be described as a/an __________ process. | endergonic |
| The three components of ATP are: __________, __________, __________. | three phosphate groups, ribose, adenine |
| ATP facilities work within the cell by "phosphorylating" a wide variety of molecules. Phosphorylation facilitates cellular work by causing a recipient molecule to __________. | be destabilized and much more likely to react |
| Enzymes make reactions happen: __________. | hundreds to millions of times faster than they could on their own and by lowering activation energy required |
| Each enzyme has a very specific fit with a particular __________. | substrate |
| Certain commercial insecticides, herbicides, & antibiotics act as poisons because they are enzyme inhibitors. Those that prevent some natural enzyme from performing its task in living cells by mimicking the geometry are ___ inhibitors. | competitive |
| Other enzyme inhibitors act by binding at some other part of the enzyme & altering its __________. | conformation (3-D/precise detail of molecule) |
| Typically, enzymes placed under conditions of heat in the range of 90 to 100 degrees Celsius will __________. | be denatured |
| Which of the following compounds may be used as fuel by cells? | glucose, fats, fructose, proteins, and sucrose |
| NAD+ is essential as a coenzyme to accept and carry __________ during key processes in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. | electrons |
| In eukaryotes, glycolysis occurs in the cytosol while the citric acid cycle (the second stage) occus in the __________. | mitochondrial matrix |
| The ATP produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is generated by the process known as __________. | substrate-level phosphorylation |
| Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is generated by the process known as __________. | oxidative phosphorylation |
| Early in glycolysis, two ATP molecules are invested to cleave on glucose into two molecules of __________. | glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
| Before producing its end product, glycolysis generates a few ATP molecules and some NADH. Which of these represents teh net production of ATP & NADH, respectively, as a result of glycolysis (i.e., of a single glucose molecule)? | 2 and 2 |
| The three-carbon breakdown product of glycolysis that will be available for complete oxidation in the citric acid cycle is __________. | pyruvate |
| In a transition step, cellular respiration's first CO2 is porduced as an enzyme removes a carboxyl group from the pyruvate. After the transition step, the remaining two-carbon fragment that enter the citric acid cycle is __________. | acetyl coenzyme A |
| The citric acid cycle requires 8 or 9 steps (different enzyme) for complete oxidation of the glucose fragment that enters. ___ is a molecule that forms (regenerated) in teh final step of the cycle & must be present to combine with acetyl CoA entering in. | oxaloacetate |
| In addition to CO2 and ATP molecules, the citric acid cycle's key outputs that are traceable back to a single glucose molecule and that are essential for the third stage of aerobic respiration are the reduced compounds __________ and __________. | FADH2 and NADH |
| In the mitochondrial criste, there are thousands of copies of molecule groups or complexes. Each of which can be described as a/an _____ becuase each member of a group receives, then donates electrons as a means of liberating energy in a stepwise fashion. | electron transport chains |
| The complexes in the cristae generally consist of several proteins, each of which has an iron atom near its center. Such molecules are called __________. | cytochromes |
| The last one of the electron transport chain in each group sequence passes its electrons to an __________ atom (die to the latter's greater electronegativity), finally resulting in the formation of __________. | oxygen; H20 |
| An important result of the stepwise ferrying of electrons down one of the molecular sequences of the electron transport chain. __________ are transported from the matrix and deposited in the intermembrane space. | Protons (H+) |
| Concentrating the H+ ions on one side of a membrane that makes possible __________, an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work. | chemiosmosis |
| In the case of aerobic cellular respiration, chemiosmosis is used to drive the synthesis of ATP by altering the conformation of large transmembrane protein complexes called _____. The union of ADP to a/an __________. | ATP synthesis; inorganic phosphate group |
| Which of the following donates its electrons at a lower energy level in the sequences of the electron transport chain than the other? | FADH+ |
| Which of the following as a current disfunction between autotrophs and heterotrophs? | Autotrophs, but heterotrophs can nourish themselves if given CO2 and other inorganic nutrient materials |
| Which of the following is true of photosynthetic prokaryotes? They have: __________. | infolded regions of the plasmaa membrane where pigments reside |
| In the photosynthetic organelle of eukaryotes, the light reactions occur in the __________, and the Calvin cycle occurs in the __________. | thylakoid membrane; stroma |
| The most important wavelengths that drives photosynthesis are between __________. | 75 nm to 1000 nm |
| Each photosystem consists of a reaction center(___) consisting of many pigment molecules that cause energy to move from one to the other until it is funneled into 1 or 2 special ___ molecules in the center-> photoexcited e- to higher energy orbital, passn | light harvesting complex; chlorophyll A |
| In a photosystem, at the same time an enzyme splits an orbital, then passing to another molecule. At the same time an enzyme splits, a ___ molecule & the 2 e- will replace the others that were lost due to e- flow. | water |
| In a photosystem,the energized e- next moves down a sequence of special molecules in a stepwise fashion from ^ to lower energy levels. During this energy-liberation sequence, ___ is synthesized by phosphorylation & __ are moved from stroma into thylakoid. | ATP; H+ |
| After photon excites PS I & a 2nd e- passes down a similar stair-step sequence of largely protein molecules, the last protein in the sequence (ferrodoxin) has its e- stripped by the enzyme ___ to make a reducing molecule necessary for the synthetic port. | NADP reductase |
| The first event of the Calvin cycle is _____. | the attachment of CO2 to a five-carbon molecule |
| The net synthesis of one 3-carbon sugar product during the Calvin cycle consumes _____ ATP & _____ NADPH. | 9;6 |
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mcavoycs
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