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biology midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| "I" change it; tested variable | independent variable |
| changed in response to IV | dependent variable |
| everything that is kept the same | control group |
| What are the characteristics of living things? | 1. contain cells 2. Use and transform energy(food, sunlight) 3. grow and change over time(evolution) 4. reproduce 5. respond to a stimulus (something that causes change) 6. homeostasis 7. contain genetic material-DNA |
| define homeostasis | stable internal environment ex. temperature |
| 2 or more organs that work together to perform a function | organ system |
| group of tissues that work together | organ |
| group of similar cells that work together for a specialized function | tissues |
| most basic unit of life | cell |
| What is the correct order of the following? tissue, cell, organ system, organ | cell, tissue, organ, organ system |
| process where cells become specialized | cell differentiation/ cellular specialization |
| function of nucleus | holds hereditary material(DNA) and coordinated cell activities |
| function of mitochondria | produce energy for the cell |
| function of rough ER | send off proteins |
| function of Golgi Apparatus | modifies, sorts, and packages proteins |
| function of ribosome | makes proteins |
| function of cell membrane | decides whether to let certain things in it out of the cell |
| function of nuclear envelope | protection for nucleus |
| function of vacuole | storage |
| function of cytoplasm | contains all organelles |
| function of centriole | helps with the formation of spindle fibers |
| function of lysosome | removes wastes |
| function of cilia and flagella | help move liquid past the surface of the cell |
| What are the 4 main macromolecules and their monomers? | Carbohydrates-C,H,O; Lipids-C,H,O; Proteins-C,H,O,N; Nucleic Acids-C,H,O,N,P |
| What is the function of carbohydrates? | energy sources |
| What is the function of lipids? | used for cell membranes(phospholipid), long term energy storage(fat), or protective coverings(waxes) |
| What is the function of nucleic acids? | genetic info |
| What is the function of proteins? | many function as enzymes; DNA code for the making of protein |
| define prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells | prokaryotic- no nucleus eukaryotic- nucleus |
| *STUDY THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS* | |
| What is an example of a prokaryotic cell? | Bacteria cell |
| What is an example of a eukaryotic cell? | human cell |
| low to high concentration; uses energy(ATP); must use protein channels or vesicles | Active transport |
| high to low concentration; uses no energy | passive transport |
| molecules pass directly through the membrane; passive | diffusion |
| must pass through a protein channel; passive | facilitated diffusion |
| speed up chemical reactions but don't get used up in the process; protein molecules that work as catalysts | enzymes |
| What is hypotonic and what would happen to a cell if placed in this solution? | below strength; cell would possible burst (lyse) |
| What is hypertonic and what would happen to a cell if placed in this solution? | above strength; cell will shrink |
| What is isotonic and what would happen to a cell if placed in this solution? | water keeps moving in equal movements; nothing |
| What is osmosis? | the movement of water toward areas of higher concentration |
| What is equilibrium? | the ultimate goal of passive transport |
| What is ATP? | an energy source for transportation in and out of cells |
| produces identical daughter cells, no genetic variation, one parent; What type of organisms go through this? | asexual reproduction; bacteria |
| produces different daughter cells; two parents; What type of organisms go through this? | sexual reproduction; humans |
| uncontrolled cell growth; cells divide more often; some cells can break away and move into blood; cells are dangerous | cancer |
| can become any type of cell | stem cells |
| What are the differences between adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells? | adult stem cells-multipotent; limited to types of cells embryonic stem cells- pluripotent; can become any type of cell |
| What is DNA and what does it look like? | deoxyribonucleic acid, determines your traits, heritable, part of Central Dogma; long polymer made up of nucleotides |
| What is RNA and what does it look like? | ribonucleic acid, carries out the formation of proteins whose codes are found on DNA; single stranded |
| What are the four bases in DNA and what do they pair up with? | Adenine-Thymine Cytosine-Guanine |
| What are the four bases in RNA and what do they pair up with? | Adenine-Uracil Cytosine-Guanine |
| What are the main enzymes used in DNA replication? | polymerase and helicase |
| What 3 components make up a nucleotide? | phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base |
| receives codes from DNA and serves as the pattern for protein synthesis(contains codons) | mRNA (messenger RNA) |
| carries the amino acid to the ribosome and matches (base pairs) with mRNA (contains anticondons) | tRNA (transfer) |
| makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made | rRNA(ribosomal) |
| What is transcription and where does it take place? | the process when DNA is replicated; nucleus |
| What is translation and where does it take place? | the process that creates a protein; ribosome |
| What are diploid cells? | full set of chromosomes; (2n)=46 |
| What are haploid cells? | half of the needed chromosomes; (n)=23 |
| physical appearance | phenotype |
| combination of alleles | genotype |
| not related to sex of organism | autosomes |
| determine gender | sex linked chromosomes |
| What are viruses made of? | proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids |
| How do viruses reproduce? | by infecting living cells |
| What are the cycles related to viral reproduction? | lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle |
| How can you prevent the spread of viruses? | physical removal, disinfectants, food storage, food processing, and sterilization by heat |
| What are vaccines and how do they work? | preparation of weakened or killed pathogens or inactivated toxins; they strengthen the immune system to prevent the disease |
| What are bacteria made of? | cell walls, flagella |
| How do bacteria reproduce? | binary fission |
| How can you treat a bacterial infection? | antibiotics |
Created by:
colorguard101
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