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pathotest
cardiac and immunity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| afterload | the tension or pressure that must be generated by a chmaber of the heart in order to contract; such as the pressure required to eject blood into the aorta |
| aldosterone | mineralocorticoid that is synthesized and secreted by the adrenal cortex and acts to regulate sodiam and potassium by alertering reabsorption in the kidney |
| anaphylactic shock | state of shock caused by |
| Afterload | the tension or pressure that must be generated by a chamber of the heart in order to contract, such as that required to eject blood into the aorta |
| Aldosterone | mineralocorticoid that is synthesized and secreted by the adrenal cortex and acts to regulate sodium and potassium balance by altering reabsorption in the kidney |
| Anaphylactic shock | a state of shock caused by a severe allergic reaction that lowers blood pressure and results in urticaria, breathing difficulties and possibly death |
| Anemia | a condition in which hemoglobin concentration is below normal because of a deficiency in red blood cells, a low level of hemoglobin in cells or both; it manifests as pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, weakness, dizziness, easy |
| Anemia of chronic disease | mild to moderate anemia secondary to a chronic disease such as infection, inflammation, or malignancies that causes hypoferremia |
| Aneurysma | localized dilation or ballooning of a blood vessel, usually found in the arteries at the base of the brain and in the aorta |
| Dissecting aneurysm | is a separation and bleeding between the layers of an arterial wall |
| Angina pectoris | a condition in which myocardial ischemia caused by reduced blood flow through the blood vessels of the heart cause chest pain; a reduction in blood flow to the coronary arteries caused by atherosclerosis often accompanied by vasospasm |
| Angiotensin I | inactive product of the cleavage of angiotensinogen by rennin |
| Angiotensin II | active hormone that is formed from the cleavage of angiotensin I by angiotensin |
| Aortic stenosis | – a condition in which the aortic valves do not open completely, thereby increasing afterload so that more pressure must be generated in the left ventricle to eject blood, a condition that results in ventricular hypertrophy |
| Aplastic anemia | – a condition in which the bone marrow does not product adequate amounts of new cells to replenish the blood cells lost during insults such as an autoimmune disorder or exposure to radiation or substances such as benzene or certain drugs. |
| Apnea | – cessation of breathing for 10 seconds or longer. |
| Arachidonic acid- | a plasma membrane derived substance that generates various chemical mediators through a complex chemical conversion. |
| Arteriosclerosis | blood vessel walls, thicken, harden, lose elasticity, and typically accumulate lipids, resulting in elevated blood pressure and constriction of the coronary arteries and pain when walking caused by decreased perfusion to leg vessels. |
| Atherosclerosis | a type of arteriosclerosis in which cholesterol and lipid deposits accumulate on the innermost layer of the walls of large and medium-sized arteries. |
| Artrial septal defect (ASD) | any of a group of congenital heart diseases involving the interartrial septum of the heart that separates the right and left atria, which results in misdirected flow of blood between the two sides of the heart. |
| Atrioventircular defect | condition in which a large hole is present in the center of the heart where the wall between the upper chambers joins the wall between the lower chambers, and the tricuspid and mitral valves are formed into a single layer valve that crosses the defect. |
| Atrioventricular node | the tissue between the atria and the ventricles that contains pacemaker cells and is capable of setting the heart rate but mainly functions to slowly conduct the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricle. |
| B lymphocytes | lymphocytes that differentiate into plasma cells in the bone marrow; produce and secrete antibodies after contact with an antigen |
| Bacteremia – | a state in which bacteria gain access to the blood |
| Bacteria- | a single celled microorganisms that can reproduce outside of host cells |
| Baroreceptors | – nerve endings located in the heart, aortic arch, and carotid sinuses that sense changes in blood pressure and volume. |
| Basophil- | granulocyte that complements the actions of mast cells; important in establishing allergic reactions |
| Blast cell- | an immature cell |
| Blood pressure- | the pressure or tension of the blood within the systemic arteries |
| Bundle of His | – bundle of specialized heart muscle cells located between the AV node and the ventricles that functions to conduct electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles. |
| Cardiac contractility | – the ability of the heart to increase the force of contraction without changing the diastolic (resting) pressure. |
| Cardiac cycle | – the cycle of events that occur in the functioning heart from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next, during which time an electrical impulse is conducted through the heart muscle. |
| Cardiac dysrhymia- | a category of problems with maintaining an efficient heart rhythm, such as impairments of the SA node, AV node, cardiac cells that join the SA and AV nodes, or conduction system in the atria or ventricles. |
| Cardiac hypertrophy | –a disease of cardiac muscle that results from excessive workload and functional demands |
| Cardiac output | - the volume of blood pumped from the ventricles in one minute. |
| Cardiogenic shock | – a type of shock that results from decreased cardiac output caused by heart disease in which the heart is unable to pump blood through the body, usually because of myocardial infarction |
| Cardiomyopathy | – a condition in which the cardiac muscle of the heart wall is deteriorated by ischemic or nonischemic mechanisms. |
| CD4 T lymphocytes | – subtype of helper T lymphocyte that expresses the molecule CD4 on its cell surface |
| CD8 T lymphocytes | - subtype of cytotoxic T lymphocyte that expresses the molecule of CD8 on its cell surface |
| Cell –mediated immunity – | a component of adaptive immunity; cytotoxic T cell-mediated destruction of pathogen and infected host cell |
| Chemical mediator | - potent substances that facilitate the process of widening and loosening the blood vessels at the site of injury; are active in all phases of the inflammatory response. |
| Chemotactic factor- | substances that attract specific types of cells |
| Chemotaxis- | calling forth of inflammatory cells to the injured site |
| Congestive heart failure- | occurs when the left ventricle of the heart is ineffective and blood backs up into the pulmonary vein and subsequently into the lung tissues; results in pulmonary edema; also called left heart failure. |
| Coarctation of the aorta | – a condition in which the aorta narrows in the area where the ductus arteriosus inserts; narrowing usually occurs preductal in children and postductal in adults. |
| Heart failure (left heart failure) | – a condition in which the heart cannot expel sufficient blood to satisfy the metabolic demands of the body as a result of disease such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular insufficiency, or rheumatic heart disease |
| Cor pulmonale | – right sided heart failure caused by prolonged hypertension secondary to pulmonary hypertension. |
| Cyanosis | – a condition in which the skin, mucous membranes, and nail beds appear blue because of a lack of oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood secondary to congenital heart defects, slowed circulation or |
| Cytokine- | a hormone like cell protein that regulates the activity of many other chemical mediators in an effort to trigger, enhance and then discontinue the inflammatory response. |
| Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) | the formation of one or more thrombi in the deep veins, usually of the lower extremity.often asymptomatic but carries a high risk of pulmonary embolism; symptoms (principally unilateral) include pain, tenderness, swelling, warmth, and skin discoloration. |
| Degranulation | - the release of chemical mediators in the form of extracellular granules |
| Delayed hypersensitivity reaction- | reaction after allergen contact that is slow in onset and peaks after 36 to 48 hours; associated with a type IV cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. |
| Diastole – | the period of time during which the heart relaxes after contraction, resulting in a pressure drop in the relaxed region. |
| Diastolic heart failure | a condition in which heart contractions are normal but the ventricle does not relax completely so less blood enters the heart. |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy (congestive cardiomyopathy) | condition in which the heart, usually the left ventricle, is enlarged and weakened, which results in the need for heart transplantation. |
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | condition in which the blood coagulates through the entire body after the uncontrolled activation of clotting factors and fibrinolytic enzymes throughout small blood vessels, resulting in platelet and coagulation factor depletion and increased bleeding. |
| Emboli: | mass of clotted blood or other formed elements;bubbles of air, calcium frags, or a bit of tissue or tumor;circulates in the blood till it lodges in vessel,obstructing the circulation. |
| Embolic stroke | stroke caused by blockage of cerebral vessels. |
| Emphysema | an irreversible enlargement of the air spaces beyond the terminal bronchioles, most notably in the alveoli, resulting in destruction of the alveolar walls and obstruction of airflow. |
| Endocardium | the inner lining of the heart that forms a continuous layer of endothelium that joins the arteries and veins to the heart, forming a closed circulatory system. |
| End-diastolic pressure | – the pressure measured in the ventricles at the end of diastolic that is used to approximate the degree of preload. |
| End-diastolic volume | – the amount of blood found in the ventricle before a cardiac contraction; used as a measure of diastolic function |
| Erythrocytes | RBCs comprise a large proportion of the blood and are needed to provide tissue oxygenation |
| Erythropoiesis | the formation of new RBCs |
| Erythropoietin | a protein that stimulates the formation of RBC for growth |
| Ferritin | a protein that can store about 4500 iron ions in a hollow shell where the iron combines with phosphate and hydroxide ions to form crystallites. |
| Fibrillation | a problem of the heart chamber vibrating instead of effectively pumping |
| Frank-Starling law of the heart | the idea that changes in the volume of blood filling the heart will change the volume that is ejected by the same amount because the force of the contraction will increase as the heart is filled with more blood. |
| Fully saturated | a state in which all of the available seats for hemoglobin molecules are occupied on the RBC. |
| Graft versus host disease (GVHD) | a condition in which transplanted donor T lymphocytes mounts an immune response against the host. |
| Gram-negative | bacteria with cell walls that do not retain a dark blue color when gram stain is applied and instead turn red when counterstained in the laboratory. |
| Gram-positive | bacteria with cell walls that preserve the gram stain and turn dark blue in the laboratory |
| Granulation tissue | connective tissue characterized by extensive macrophages and fibroblasts and the promotion of angiogenesis |
| Granulocytes- | phagocyte cells names for the cytoplasm granules common to all types – PMNs- neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
| Granulomas | nodular inflammatory lesions that encase harmful substances |
| Helper t cells | subset of T lymphocytes that enhance humoral and cell mediated response of the immune system. |
| Hemolytic anemia | a condition in which the red blood cells are destroyed in response to certain toxic or infectious agents or in certain inherited blood disorders and the rate of breakdown exceeds the body’s ability to compensate. Transfusion reaction is an example of a |
| Hemolytic disease of the newborn | a condition that affects a fetus or newborn in which red blood cells breakdown because of antibodies made by the mother that are directed against the infant’s red cells, potentially resulting in anemia, heart failure, jaundice, and brain damage if left |
| Hydrostatic forces | force promoting fluid movement between extracellular compartments; promotes movement of fluid based on the pressure gradient; also known as filtration pressure |
| Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | a genetic disorder caused by various mutations that thicken the heart muscle, possibly leading to obstruction of blood flow and heart dysfunction. |
| Hyperventilation | a condition in which breathing faster or deeper than necessary reduces carbon dioxide concentration resulting in numbness or tingling in the hands, feet and lips, lightheadedness, dizziness, headache, chest pain and sometimes fainting. |
| Hypoplastic anemia | a condition in which anemia results from greatly depressed, inadequately functioning bone marrow and smaller than normal erythrocytes. |
| Hypoventilation | a condition in which ventilation is inadequate for proper gas exchange, causing an increase in carbon dioxide concentration and subsequent respiratory acidosis. |
| Hypovolemia | decreased blood volume capable of causing increased thirst response, hypotension, tachycardia, and decreased urinary output. |
| Hypovolemic shock | a state of shock caused by a decrease in blood volume secondary to dehydration, bleeding and drugs such as diuretics and vasodilators. |
| Hypoxemia | insufficient oxygenation of arterial blood. |
| Hypoxia | a state in which oxygen level reaching cells is insufficient, resulting in tissue injury; may be caused by a reduction in oxygen content of inspired air, a decrease in hemoglobin available for oxygen binding, or cardiovascular or respiratory disease. |
| Hypercapnia | excess amount of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Hypocapnea | a deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Immune response | 3rd line of defense, which wages a specific defense mechanism targeted at certain harmful invaders in the body. |
| Immune senescence | a progressive dysfunction of the immune system associated with aging; characterized by both diminished and enhances immune responses. |
| Immunodeficiency- | condition resulting from an inadequate immune defense; may be primary or secondary (due to a consequence of another disease) |
| Immunoglobulin (IG)- | a group of structurally related proteins important in immune function; comprised of a variable region promoting antigen-specificity and a constant region; classifications include IGG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE. |
| Immune thrombocytopenic purpura | a condition in which the number of platelets in the blood is reduced by the production of antibodies against platelets and that is characterized by ecchymosed and hemorrhages from mucous membranes, anemia, and extreme weakness. |
| Immune hemolytic anemia | and acquired hemolytic anemia in which isoantibodies or autoantibodies are produced in response to drugs, toxins, or other antigens. |
| Inflammatory Response | the 2nd line of defense, which is a nonspecific defense mechanism to protect from harmful invaders and to prepare an injury site for healing. |
| Innate immunity | responsible for early, rapid response to pathogens without prior experience. |
| Inotropic agen | a substance that affects muscle contraction, especially contraction of the heart muscle. |
| Interstial edema | cerebral edema in which interstitial fluid accumulates in conjunction with hydrocephalus. |
| Iron deficiency anemia | a condition caused by insufficient dietary intake or absorption of iron, resulting in decreased incorporation of hemoglobin into RBCs and subsequent feelings of fatigue, weakness, and SOBG as well as pale earlobes, palms, and conjunctivae. |
| Isolated systolic hypertension | a condition that is caused by loss of elasticity of the arteries resulting in an increase in cardiac output or stroke volume, a systolic blood pressure consistently above 160 mm Hg and a diasto.lic pressure below 90 mm Hg. |
| Kinin system | a series of potent vasoactive chemical mediators, such as bradykinin, that play a role in vasodilation, vasoconstriction, cell migration, the pain response, and the activation of other cells active in the inflammatory response. |
| Leukocytes | WBC, a group of cells active in defending the body against microorganisms and in promoting an immune response. |
| Leukocytosis | an elevation in the WBC (above 10,000) |
| Lipids | a group of substances that are rick in energy and insoluble in water |
| Macrophages | large, long-lived phagocyte leukocytes found within body tissues associated with a prolonged inflammatory response |
| Macrocytic anemia (megaloblastic anemia) | a condition characterized by a deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid caused by inadequate intake or insufficient absorption secondary to alcoholism or drugs that inhibit DNA replication. |
| Major histocompatibility complex | molecules promoting recognition of body’s “self” antigens from “non-self” antigens; trap an antigen within the cell and then transport it to the cell surface where it can be displayed to T cells; subsets include MHC class 1 and MHC class II molecules. |
| MHC Class I | remember CD8 T cytotoxic cells |
| MHC II | remember CD4 helper t cells (th1 and th2) |
| Malignant hypertension | a complication of hypertension in which blood pressure is severely elevated and organ damage occurs in the eyes, brain, lung and/or kidney. |
| Mast cells | leukocytes that are housed throughout the body within connective tissue and near all blood vessels; they are responsible for production and immediate release of chemical mediators. |
| Mean arterial pressure (MAP) | and average blood pressure in an individual that is equal to diastolic pressure plus 1/3 of the pulse pressure and is considered the perfusion pressure of organs in the body. |
| Microcytic-hypochromic anemia | a condition in which red blood cells are smaller than normal. |
| Mitral valve | a valve in the heart that lies between the left atrium and left ventricle and functions to allow blood to flow into the left ventricle during ventricular diastole and to prevent regurgitation from the ventricle to the left atrium during systole. |
| Mitral valve prolapsed syndrome | a condition in which the mitral valve cannot close properly because of one or both flaps being too large, possibly resulting in mitral valve regurgitation. |
| Monocyte | large, mononuclear leukocytes representing 3-7% of the total number of circulating leukocytes associated with prolonged inflammatory response. |
| Mycotic aneurysm | aneurysm that is caused by bacterial for fungal growth in the vessel or infection of an arteriosclerotic aneurysm. |
| Myelodysplastic syndrome | a group of hematologic conditions characterized by ineffective production of blood cells, resulting in anemia that requires chronic blood transfusions |
| Myocardial infarction | a heart condition of sudden onset in which muscle tissue dies because of a lack of blood flow, resulting in chest pain (crushing)discomfort,weakness,sweating, N?V,possibly LOC. Gender differences in MI clinical manifestation presentation. |
| Myocardial oxygen consumption | the amount of oxygen consumed by cardiac muscle cells during work, as determined by myocyte contraction and factors that enhance or impair this contraction. |
| Myosin | a protein in muscle cells that is arranged in long filaments called thick filaments and attached to actin filaments in a sliding motion during muscle contraction. |
| Natural Killer cells (NKC) | large, granular lymphocytes; nonspecific cytoxic cells |
| Neurogenic shock | a type of shock caused by the sudden loss of the SNS signals to the smooth muscle in vessel walls, causing the vessels to relax and decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure |
| Neutrophils | granulocyte present in the greatest number; most important in the rapid response to bacterial infection; phagocyte the first responder in the inflammatory response. |
| Neutropenia | the absence of neurtophils in the blood. |
| Normocytic-normochromic anemia | a condition in which erythrocytes are of normal size and hemoglobin content but of insufficient number and that is usually caused by hereditary spherocytosis, drug induced anemia and anemia secondary to other malignancies. |
| Obligate parasites | those that require the host for metabolism and reproduction (think virus) |
| Opportunistic infection | those that cause disease only in a host with a compromised immune system |
| Opsonization | a process of rendering bacteria vulnerable to phagocytosis |
| Orthostatic (postural) hypotension | a condition in which blood pressure suddenly falls when a person assumes a standing position, resulting in dizziness, light |
| Osmotic pressure | force generated as water moves through the membrane by osmosis |
| Oxyhemoglobin | the oxygen-hemoglobin combination within RBC |
| Perfusion- | the process of forcing blood or other fluid to flow through a vessel and into the vascular bed of a tissue for the purposes of providing oxygen and other nutrients |
| Pericarditis | Inflammation of the lining of the heart |
| Pericardium | the outer covering of the heart, which holds the heart in place in the chest cavity, contains receptors that assist with the regulation of blood pressure and heart rate, and forms a first line of defense against infection and inflammation. |
| Peripheral artery disease | any of a group of a diseases caused by the obstruction of large peripheral arteries secondary to atherosclerosis, inflammatory process, embolism or thrombus formation that caused ischemia |
| Pernicious anemia | an autoimmune disorder that causes a deficiency in intrinsic factor resulting in the inability to absorb vitamin B12 and a subsequent increase in the production of abnormal erythrocytes. |
| Peripheral vascular resistance | blood pressure needed to overcome the resistance to flow in the circulatory system |
| Platelet | cellular fragment formed from megakaryocytes that circulates in the blood and is important in anticoagulation, stimulation of inflammation and tissue growth and destroying bacteria. |
| Pleural effusion | a medical condition in which fluid accumulated in the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs and thereby makes breathing difficult. |
| Polycthemia | a condition characterized by an increase in production of RBCs in the blood. |
| Polycythemia Vera | chronic,progressive disease characterized by overgrowth of bone marrow,excessive RBC production & enlarged spleen;causes headache,inability to concentrate&pain the fingers and toes. In later stages can expand blood volume and increase blood pressure. |
| Portal hypertension | an increase in blood pressure in the veins of the portal system resulting from obstruction in the liver, such as that seen in cirrhosis, which causes enlargement of the spleen and collateral veins. |
| Post hemorrhagic anemia | normocytic-normochromic,sudden blood loss in individual with normal iron stores;triggers compensatory response in which water&electrolytes from tissues &interstial spaces are used to expand plasma volume& accelerate the formation, development of RBCs |
| Preload | the volume of blood in the ventricles after atrial contraction and ventricular filling. |
| Primary hypertension | a condition of elevated blood pressure of unknown etiology that is accompanied by increased total peripheral vascular resistance by vasoconstriction, increased cardiac output or both. |
| Promthrombin time (PT) | a diagnostic test that measures the amount of time required for plasma to clot. |
| Pulmonary stenosis | a condition in which the opening into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle narrows. |
| Pulse oximetry | a noninvasive method of determining hypoxemia even before clinical signs and symptoms are noted. |
| Pulse pressure | the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure |
| Purkinje fibers | specialized muscle fibers that are located in the ventricular walls of the heart and function to initiate an electrical impulse that creates coordinated contraction of the heart. |
| Raynaud disease | a condition in which the blood vessels spasm because of inadequate blood supply, resulting in discorlration of the fingers and/or the toes after exposure to changes in temperature or emotional events. |
| Restrictive cardiomyopathy | any group of disorders in which the heart chambers are unable to fill with blood completely because of stiffness of the heart and the inability of heart muscle to relax during diastole. |
| Reye syndrome | a type of encephalopathy that occurs primarily in children after a viral infection such as chicken pox or influenza and is characterized by fever, vomiting, fatty liver, disorientation and coma. |
| Rheumatic fever | an inflammatory disease that is associated with recent streptococcal infection and causes inflammation of the joints, fever, jerky movements, nodules under the skin and skin rash and often is followed by serious heart damage or disease. |
| Right heart failure | a condition in which the right side of the heart loses its ability to pump blood efficiently because of left side heart failure, lung disease, congenital heart disease, clotting pulmonary arteries, pulmonary hypertension or heart valve disease. |
| Saccular aneurysm (berry aneurysm) | a localized, progressively growing sac that affects only a portion of the circumference of the arterial wall and may be the result of congenital anomalies or degeneration. |
| Secondary hypertension | a condition of elevated blood pressure that is associated primarily with renal disease by renin-dependent mechanism or a fluid volume –dependent mechanism. |
| Semi lunar valve | one of three crescent-shaped cusps of a vale that prevents regurgitation of blood into the ventricles. |
| Septic shock | a condition caused by infection of the abdomen and pelvis after trauma or surgery that can result in organ failure and death. |
| Shock | circulatory system unable to provide adequate circulation to the body tissues that is result of inadequate pumping by the heart, a reduction in blood volume, or a reduction in blood pressure and results in slowing of vital functions and possibly death. |
| Sideroblastic anemia | refractory anemia of varying severity that is caused by altered mitochondrial metabolism and is marked by sideroblasts in the bone marrow. |
| SA node | a group o specialize cells that are located on the wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superiovena cava and act to set the heart rate by spontaneously depolarizing and e3xciting surrounding tissues. |
| Stable angina | a condition in which ischemic attacks occur at predictable frequencies and duration after activities that increase myocardial oxygen demands such as exercise and stress. |
| Systole | the period of time during which the chambers of the heart contract and force blood of the chambers. |
| Systolic blood pressure | stroke volume output and the distensibility of the aorta. |
| Systolic heart failure – | a condition in which the heart muscle contracts so weakly that not enough oxygenated blood is pumped throughout the body. |
| Teratology of Fallot | a congenital condition that is characterized by four malformations including ventricular septal defect, misplacement of the origin of the aorta, narrowing of the pulmonary artery, and enlargement of the right ventricle. |
| Thrombin time | a diagnostic test that measures the rate of fribronlgen to fibrin conversion when thrombin has been introduced. |
| Thromoangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease) | a condition in which the medium sized arteries and veins are inflamed because of thrombotic occlusion, resulting in schema and gangrene. |
| Thrombocytemia | a condition in which the number of platelets in the blood is increased resulting in clot formation. |
| Thrombocytopenia | a condition in which the number of platelets in the blood is severely decreased. |
| Thromophilia | a condition in which the coagulation system is abnormal and increases the risk for thrombosis |
| Thrombophlebitis | a condition in which veins become inflamed because of a blood clot or thrombus secondary to prolonged sitting or clotting disorder. |
| Thrombotic stroke | stroke symptoms caused by thrombosis that is typically secondary to atherosclerosis. |
| Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura | a disorder of blood coagulation caused by an enzymatic deficiency that is characterized by a reduced number of platelets in the blood, the formation of blood clots in tissue arteries and capillaries and neurologic damage. |
| Thrombus | a stationary mass of clotted blood or other formed elements that remains attached to its place of origin along the wall of a blood vessel, frequently obstructing the circulation, may result from immobility, dehydration (Plural: thrombi) |
| Traumatic aneurysm | aneurysm caused by weakening of arterial walls, penetrating missile, or after neurosurgery or neuroimaging after injury. |
| Tricuspid valve – | a three-segmented valve of the heart that prevents regurgitation of blood from the right ventricle into right atrium. |
| Troponin | a protein complex that provides calcium binding sites to muscle cells. |
| Truncus arteriosus | a congenital defect in which large great vessel arteries from a ventricular septal defect and doses not divide into the aorta and pulmonary artery, resulting in one vessel carrying blood both to the body and to the lungs. |
| Unstable angina | a condition in which unprovoked ischemic attacks occur at unpredictable frequencies and may increase in severity. |
| Ventricular septal defect | a congenital malformation in which the wall between the left and right ventricles has a hole that allows blood to travel between the left and right ventricles potentially leading to congestive heart failure. |
| Virchow’s triad- | 3 major factors are responsible for thrombus formation: vessel wall damage, excessive clotting, and alteration in blood flow, such as turbulence or sluggish blood movement. |
| Von Willebrand disease | an inherited disease in which the von Willebrand factor proteins that are made in the blood vessel and function to control platelet activity are abnormal or absent resulting in a tendency to hemorrhage. |
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