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Cell Biology LO1
Ayrshire College 18/19 HNC Cell Biology LO1 - Taught by Julie
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define the term 'Selectively Permeable' when describing the membrane | It only allows certain molecules to cross the membrane, e.g. Useful nutrients enter the cell & harmful waste products leave the cell. |
| Name the 3 cellular processes that the cell membrane is involved in | Cell Adhesion Ion Conductivity Cell signalling |
| What are the two main functions of the Cell membrane? | To control movement of substances in and out of the cell & to protect the cell from its surroundings |
| Name two Eukaryotic organelles that are MADE UP OF membrane | Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus |
| Name some Eukaryotic organelles that are ENVELOPED BY membrane | Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts Ribosomes etc. |
| What are the two types of molecules that make up the cell membrane? | Lipids and Proteins |
| What are the three types of Lipids that are found in the cell membrane? | Phospholipids, Sphingolipids and Cholesterol |
| How do molecules diffuse in the lipid 2-D liquid Bi-layer? | Laterally (Side-to-side) |
| When describing the cell membrane, what do we mean when we say that it is 'Asymmetric'? | There are different molecules present at either side of the membrane. |
| Name the components of a typical Phospholipid | An organic group, a phosphate, a glycerol & two fatty acid tails |
| Which carbon of the Glycerol in a Phospholipid is Phosphate attached to? | Carbon 3 |
| What carbons of the Glycerol in a Phospholipid are the two fatty acid tails attached to? | Carbon 1 & 2 |
| What type of bond attaches the two fatty acid tails to the Glycerol in a Phospholipid? | Esther Bond |
| Define the term 'Amphipathic' | To display affinity for both polar and non-polar molecules |
| What does 'Hydrophobic' mean? | Water hating/Non-Polar |
| What does 'Hydrophilic' mean? | Water loving/Polar |
| How many Carbon to Carbon double bonds are present in a Saturated fatty acid tail? | None |
| How many Carbon to Carbon double bonds are present in an Unsaturated fatty acid tail? | At least one |
| Name the components of a typical Sphingolipid | Sphingosine, an organic group & a fatty acid tail |
| What molecule is the backbone of a Sphingolipid? | Sphingosine |
| What is the most common type of Sphingolipid in the the human body? | Sphingomyelin |
| Describe the general structure of Cholesterol | It has four rings of Carbon atoms. Three of the rings are made with six carbons, whilst the last is made with 5 carbons. The rings are attached to a Hydrocarbon chain. |
| What is Cholesterol a precursor of? | Steroid Hormones such as Progesterone and Testosterone Bile Acids |
| How does Cholesterol affect membrane fluidity at high temperatures? | At high temperatures, Cholesterol stabilises the membrane, therefore reducing membrane fluidity/increasing viscosity |
| How does Cholesterol affect membrane fluidity at low temperatures? | At low temperatures, Cholesterol intercalates between the lipid molecules to prevent clustering, therefore increasing membrane fluidity/reducing viscosity |
| How do Saturated fatty acid tails affect membrane fluidity? | As the tails are straight, they can pack very tightly together, therefore maximising hydrophobic interactions between the fatty acid tails and reducing membrane fluidity. |
| How does the length of a fatty acid tail affect membrane fluidity? | The longer the fatty acid tails are, the more surface area for hydrophobic interactions to occur, meaning that the membrane is likely to be less fluid/more viscous. |
| How do Unsaturated fatty acid tails affect membrane fluidity? | These tails have at least 1 carbon to carbon double bond, creating a kink, preventing the lipid molecules from packing tightly together. As they aren't as tightly packed, there's less hydrophobic interactions, resulting in increased membrane fluidity. |
| Why is it important to maintain membrane fluidity? | So the cell can assume a variety of shapes So the membrane can be repaired For the efficient transport of materials in and out of the cell |
| What are the three types of membrane proteins? | Integral Proteins, Peripheral Proteins and Lipid anchored Proteins |
| Name an example of an Integral protein. | Ion Channels |
| Name an example of a Peripheral protein | Some enzymes |
| Name an example of a Lipid anchored protein | G-Proteins |
Created by:
kiera.taylor
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