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Chapter 30 Potter
study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cellular damage from exposure to high or low temperatures: | thermal |
| Cellular damage from edema distending body tissues: | mechanical |
| Cellular damage from leakage of hydrochloric acid out of the stomach: | chemical |
| Cellular damage from electrical burn: | electrical |
| Cellular damage from thermal, mechanical, chemical, or electrical stimuli releases pain-producing substances such as _______________. | histamine, bradykinin, & potassium |
| Receptors that respond to harmful stimuli: | nociceptors |
| Converting the original stimuli into a pain impulse: | nociceptors |
| A-delta fibers = | fast, myelinated |
| C fibers = | small, slow unmyelinated |
| The _______________ send sharp, localized, and distinct sensations. | A fibers |
| The _______________ relay slower impulses that are poorly localized, visceral, and persistent. | small C fibers |
| After stepping on a nail, a person initially feels a sharp localized pain, which is the result of _______________ transmission. | A-fiber |
| After stepping on a nail, within a few seconds, a person's whole foot aches from _______________ stimulation. | C-fiber |
| _______________ transmit impulses from the periphery to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, where an excitatory neurotransmitter, substance P, is released. | A-delta and C fibers |
| transmit impulses from the periphery to the A-delta and C fibers _______________ of the spinal cord, where an excitatory neurotransmitter, substance P, is released. | dorsal horn |
| A-delta and C fibers dorsal horn of the spinal cord, where an _______________, substance P, is released. | excitatory neurotransmitter |
| A-delta and C fibers dorsal horn of the spinal cord, where an excitatory neurotransmitter, _______________, is released. | substance P |
| Any factor that interrupts or influences normal pain _______________, such as normal fatigue, depression, or pain therapies affects the patient's awareness and response to pain. | perception |
| _______________ & other neurotransmitters (serotonin and norepinephrine) further inhibit the transmission of the painful stimuli to the brain. | endogenous opioids |
| Endogenous opioids & other neurotransmitters (_______________) further inhibit the transmission of the painful stimuli to the brain. | serotonin and norepinephrine |
| _______________ are substances that affect the sending of nerve stimuli. | neurotransmitters |
| _______________ such as endorphins decrease neuron activity without directly transferring a nerve signal through a synapse. | inhibitory neurotransmitters |
| Inhibitory neurotransmitters such as _______________ decrease neuron activity without directly transferring a nerve signal through a synapse. | endorphins |
| Inhibitory neurotransmitters such as endorphins decrease neuron activity without directly transferring a nerve signal through a _______________. | synapse |
| The _______________ determines whether the gate will be opened or closed, either increasing or decreasing the intensity of the ascending pain impulse. | brain |
| The gate control theory suggests that _______________ pass through when the gate is open and not white it is closed. | pain impulses |
| Therapies such as _______________, heat, cold, massage, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) are thought to release endorphins, which close the gate. | exercise |
| Therapies such as exercise, _______________, cold, massage, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) are thought to release endorphins, which close the gate. | heat |
| Therapies such as exercise, heat, _______________, massage, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) are thought to release endorphins, which close the gate. | cold |
| Therapies such as exercise, heat, cold, _______________, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) are thought to release endorphins, which close the gate. | massage |
| Therapies such as exercise, heat, cold, massage, and _______________ are thought to release endorphins, which close the gate. | transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) |
| Therapies such as exercise, heat, cold, massage, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) are thought to release _______________, which close the gate. | endorphins |
| If you do not treat _______________ adequately, it can progress to chronic pain. | acute pain |
| If you do not treat acute pain adequately, it can progress to _______________. | chronic pain |
| It appears that _______________ pain sensitizes and changes nerves (neuroplasticity), resulting in enhanced intensity, duration, and distribution of pain. | unrelieved pain |
| It appears that unrelieved pain pain sensitizes and changes nerves (_______________), resulting in enhanced intensity, duration, and distribution of pain. | neuroplasticity |
| Permanent _______________ contribute to the development of chronic pain syndromes. | neuroplastic changes |
| _______________ is not simply acute pain that lasts a long time. | |
| Chronic pain is not simply _______________ that lasts a long time. | acute pain |
| _______________ affects the patient's activity (eating, sleeping, working, hygiene, social interactions), thinking (confusion, forgetfulness, helplessness, catastrophizing), or emotions (anger, depression, irritability, frustration). | chronic pain |
| Chronic pain from cancer is sometimes a result of the _______________ itself, the treatment (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery), or complications of the disease (fistulas). | tumor |
| partial or complete disappearances of symptoms | remissions |
| increases in severity | exacerbations |
| Symptoms of _______________ include fatigue, insomnia, anorexia, weight loss, withdrawal, depression, hopelessness, and anger. | chronic pain |
| _______________ are grossly undermedicated for a pain. | children |
| If a child is too young to speak, observe _______________ such as irritability, loss of appetite, unusual quietness, disturbed sleep patterns, restlessness, and rigid posturing as sings of pain. | behavioral changes |
| Pain is not a natural part of _______________. | aging |
| _______________ does not decrease with age. | pain perception |
| The sensation of pain felt in the nerve distribution of a body part that has been amputated. | phantom pain |
| _______________ appear to be more sensitive to pain, requiring less stimulation to evoke a pain response | women |
| _______________ how people perceive the causes of and learn to react to and express pain. | culture influences |
| Italian, Jewish, African-Americans, and Spanish-speaking persons smile readily and use facial expressions and gestures to communicate _______________. | pain or displeasure |
| _______________ perceive pain differently if it suggests a threat, loss, punishment, or challenge. | patients |
| The _______________ of pain perceived by a patient are related to the meaning of pain. | degree and quality |
| The degree to which a patient focuses on pain influences _______________. | pain perception |
| Increased attention has been associated with increased pain, whereas _______________ has been associated with decreased pain. | distraction |
| High _______________ increase pain perception. | anxiety levels |
| The incidence of _______________ is very high in patients with chronic pain. | depression |
| _______________ are relatively common in patients with chronic pain. | suicidal thoughts |
| _______________ heightens pain perception. | fatigue |
| _______________ intensifies pain and decreases coping abilities. | fatigue |
| _______________ of pain includes pain the patient has experienced personally and pain the patient has heard about from someone else. | previous experience |
| Pain can be lonely for some; frequently patients feel a _______________ over their environments or the outcome of events. | loss of control |
| Patients with _______________ of control perceive themselves as having personal control overt their environments and the outcome of events. | internal loci |
| Patients with _______________ of control perceive other factors in their environments, such as nurses, as being responsible for the outcome of events. | external loci |
| Patients with _______________ of control tend to be less demanding, follow directions, and are more passive in managing their pain. | external loci |
| Patients with _______________ of control report less sever pain than those with _______________. | internal loci; external loci |
| Patients depend on the support and assistance of spouses, family, or friends when _______________. | coping with pain |
| Some _______________ think the patient should wait as long as possible before receiving pain medication and fear the possibility of addiction. | family members |
| The presence of a _______________ usually minimizes loneliness and fear when a patient is experiencing pain. | loved one |
Created by:
chaptravelman
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