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Anatomy Endocrine
Chpr 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of the endocrine system? | chemical regulation of the body through homeostasis controlled by hormones |
| What is homeostasis? | Maintenance of a constant internal environment |
| What % of homostasis is under negative feedback? | 99% |
| Give 3 examples of positive feedback. | 1.Childbirth:uterine contractions caused by oxytocin 2. Blood clotting 3. Prolactin: more a baby suckles the more milk is produced |
| Definition of a gland | produces a product |
| Characteristics of exocrine glands | have ducts, product is not a hormone, product is capable of exiting the body, tissue is epithelial |
| Characteristics of Endocrine glands | ductless, produces hormones, released into blood stream, tissue is either epithelial or nervous |
| What are the 4 classes of hormone by chemical makeup? | 1. amino acids/small peptides 2. large peptides/proteins 3. fatty acids (eicosinoids)4. steroid hormones |
| How are hormones regulated? | 1. negative/positive feedback 2. Down/Up regulation |
| What is Down regulation? | if too much hormone in the blood then the receptors on the target cell shut down |
| What is Up regulation? | If not enough hormone in the blood then the receptor opens all the gates to catch more hormone |
| Which endocrine glands are made of nervous tissue? | pineal gland, posterior pituitary, adrenal medulla, hypothalmus |
| Which endocrine glands are both endocrine and exocrine? | pancreas:endocrine part islets cells,exocrine part digestive enzymes ovary:exocrine ova thru fallopian tube, endocrine estrogen teste:exocrine:sperm via vas deferencs endocrine:testosterone |
| Which cell is the endocrine cell of the teste? | interstitial cells of leydig |
| What organs are considered non-traditional endocrine glands? | liver,kidney,stomach,heart, |
| How are non-traditional endocrine organs different? | They produce local or self-influencing hormones. Their target is same organ. Traditional hormones are called circulating hormones. |
| What is the name of the local hormone produced by the heart? | Natriurtic hormone |
| What are interleukins? | Local hormone produced by WBCs in responce to infection. Target is the hypothalmus and causes it to raise body temperature by releasing prostaglandin, a self- influencing hormone of the hypothalmus. Fever will denature viral proteins. |
| What is the second messenger in target reception of protein hormones? | cAMP |
| With protein hormones, what substance is produced after formation of hormone-receptor complex? | adenylate cyclase |
| With protein hormones, where is the target receptor? | cell membrance |
| With protein hormones, where is the target receptor? | cytosol |
| With lipid hormone, what happens after target reception? | Complex moves into nucleus and removes histones that allow transcription and translation of a specific protein to occur. |
| Which hormones does the neurohypophysis release? | oxytocin and ADH |
| What does oxytocin do? | uterine contraction in labor and menses, release of milk in lactation |
| What does ADH do? | conserves body water by targeting kidney to hold onto water, aka vasopressin, raises blood pressure, levels increase when thirsty |
| Which hormones are relesased by anterior pituitary? | Growth Hormone, Prolactin,Melanocyte stimulating hormone, enkephalins, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH |
| What does prolactin do? | causes the manufacture of milk from mammary gland, on positive feedback |
| What are enkephalins? | aka endorphins, increases pain tolerance, mimics opiates |
| What is tropism? | The capacity of one endocrine gland to target another endocrine gland and cause the second gland to produce its own hormone. |
| What is function of the hypothalmus? | manufacture releasing hormones that target anterior pituitary... on negative feedback pituitary and tropic hormones. |
| What hormones does the thyroid produce? | T3, T4, calcitonin |
| What is the function of T hormones? | increase metabolic rate of basal metabolism, ie catalyze cell respiration |
| What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? | overweight, lower body temp, slow,lethargic, dry skin, slower heart rate/respiration |
| What are the possible causes of hypothyroidism? | dietary deficiency of iodine, malfunction of thyroid,or could be hypothalmus (TRH) or anterior pituitary (TSH) |
| What is cretinism? | hypothyroidism in babies prevents brain from developing, have large round pushed in faces |
| What are the symptoms of hyperhyroidism? | higher body temp, moist skin, frequent urination, fast heartrate/breathing, Graves disease ie bulging eyes, |
| What do C -cells in the thyroid produce? | Calcitonin |
| What does calcitonin do? | decreases serum calcium levels by inhibiting the breakdown of bone and stimulating osteoblasts to buikd new bone |
| Which vitamin is required to absorb calcium from the intestine ? | Vitamin D (calcitriol) |
| What is the homeostatic opposite of calcitonin? | PTH..para thyroid hormone |
| What does PTH do? | Raise serum calcium levels by breaking down bone |
| Which cells manufacture and release PTH? | Chief cells manufacture, oxyphil cells store it |
| Which cells of the pancreas secrete digestive enzymes? | acinar cells |
| What are the 3 main cell types of the pancreatic islets? | alpha cells, beta cell, delta cells |
| What do islet alpha cells secrete? | glucagon |
| What do islet beta cells secrete? | insulin |
| What do islet delta cells secrete? | somatostatin |
| What does insulin do? | Lower serum glucose levels by transporting sugar from blood to cells |
| What does glucagon do? | Increase serum glucose levels by transporting glucose from cells to blood |
| How does glucose enter a cell? | by faciliated diffusion, insulin is a carrier protein |
| What are the 3 P's of diabetes? | polyphagia: always hungry polydypsia: always thirsty polyuria: always peeing |
| How does type 1 diabetes mellitis differ from type 2? | type 1: beta cells don't produce enough insulin type 2: problem with the receptor protein, nml insulin levels |
| What is diabetes insipidus? | caused by underproduction of ADH, not able to hold on to body water will also have the 3 P symptoms |
| What does thymosine do? | hormone produced by the thymus that matures T-lymphocytes |
| What 2 hormones does the adrenal medulla produce? | epinephrine , norepinephrine |
| What branch of the nervous system does epinephrine act on? | sympathetic nervous system |
| What effects does epinephrine have on the body? | increases heart rate and blood pressure and part of the "flight or fight" response |
| How is epinephrine classified chemically? | catecholamine |
| What are the names of the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex? | zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis |
| What is the collective term for what the 3 zones produce? | adrenocorticoids |
| More specifically what do each zona produce? | zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids ie aldosterone zona fasiculata: glucocorticoids ie cortisol zona reticularis:androgens ie testosterone |
| What does aldosterone do? | acts on kidney to conserve sodium and excrete potassium |
| What is aldosterism | overproduction of aldosterone leading to leaching of K and elevation of Na levels. can shut down heart and increase bp |
| What does hydrocortisone do? | promotes the manufacture of glucose from non-carb sources ie lipids and proteins, depresses the immune system, is a stress hormone and reduces inflammation |
| What is Cushings disease? | caused by elevated cortisone levels, has a wasting effect due to excessive breakdown of lipid reserves and tissue proteins |
| Which hormone is responsible for sex drive? | testosterone |
| What are the symptoms of overproduction of testosterone in males and females? | in females: masculization ,facial hair,deep voice, more muscular in males: leads to aggression, increased sex drive |
| What hormone does the pineal gland produce? | Melatonin |
| What does melatonin do? | regulates the biological clock, circadian rhythms , mildly inhibitory to sex hormones |
| When is melatonin manufactured? | only in darkness |
Created by:
karenanda
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