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botany-
practical
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| name the 2 types of cells | prokaryotic and eukaryotic |
| describe prokaryotic | lacks nuclei, simplier, no membrae-bounded organelles such as the mitochondria and chloroplast |
| describe eukaryotic | has nuclei |
| what does a plant consist of | cell wall and protoplast (the protoplasm enclosed by the cell wall, one unit of protoplasm |
| what does the protoplast consist of | ctoplasm and a nucleus |
| what does the cytoplasm include | membranes, membrane systems and organelles suspended in the cytosol as well as the vacuoles |
| what are primary walls | there are deposited before and during the growth of the cell |
| what is the middle lamella | is the intercellular substance theat cements together the primary walls of contiguous cells from the primary walls of contiguous cells. |
| what does the lumen of the cell contain | protoplast, is light and has numerous dark granules |
| what is plasmodesmata | there are cytoplasmic strands that connect the protoplasts of contiguous cells and provide pntential pathways for the movement of substances between cells. |
| what is chloroplast | there are plastids that contain only carotenoid pigments, fragile, |
| what happens when the chloroplast ruptures | it spews their contents into the cytosol or even into the vacuole, if the tonoplast is not rupture. |
| what are pigment bodies and where are they found | found in the carrot and tomato, rep pepper. and is found as a crystalike bodies which are released into the cytosol when the chloroplast ruptures |
| what are leucoplasts | are nonpigmented plastids and there are found in the epidermal cells |
| in what plant can we see the leucoplast | zebrina |
| where can starch grains be found | in starch-storing parenchyma of the cotyledons of a soaked bean or pea seed, in the endosperm of maize, potato tuber |
| what are crystals | there are excess inorganic substances that are often deposited in the vacuole of the cell |
| what do these crystals contain | calcium salts, calcium oxalate which appears in different forms. |
| where are crystals found | plants tissue |
| name the 2 crystals | raphides and druses |
| what are raphides, where can they be found, what plant | needlelike crystals that occur in bundles, may be found in leaves, stems, and petals of zebrina/snake plant |
| what are druses, where can they be found, what plant | compound crystals which may be found in the cortex or pith of parenchyma cells of the stem of geranium |
| name the 3 tissue systems | dermal, ground, vascular |
| where are these tissues initiated | embryogenesis and are continuous in the hypocotyl-root axis and cotyledons |
| what are the 3 primary meristems that these tissues are represented | protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem |
| what type of cell is the eidermal layer composed of and what tissue | parenchyma cells in the dermal tissue |
| what is the ring of vascular bundles composed of and what tissue | primary phloem and primary xylem in the vascular tissue |
| how is the ground tissue distinguished | cortex, pith and pith rays(interfascicular regions) |
| what is alfalfa's name (stem cross section) | medicago |
| what is the cuticle and function | a waxy or fatty layer on outer wall of epidermal cells, fromed of cutin and wax |
| what are guard cells and function | pairs of specialized epidermal cells surrounding a pore, or stoma; changes in the turgor of a pair of guard cells cause opening and closing of the pore |
| what is the epidermis and function | the outermost layer of cellss of the leaf and of young stems and roots, primary of origion |
| what are collenchyma cells and function | elongated living cell with unevenly thickened, non lignified primary cell wall, found in the cortex of the medicago, pith has parenchyma cells |
| what are parencyma cells and function | living, generally thin walled cell of variable size and form, the most abundant kind of cell in plants, found in the cortex, |
| what are transfer cells, where are they found, | specilized parenchyma cell with wall ingrowths that increasse the surface area of the plasma membrane; apparently functions in the short distance trasfer of solutes |
| name for pumpking | cucurbita |
| what are sclerenchyma cells | cell of variable form and size with more or less thick, often liginfied, secondary walls; may or may ot be living at maturity |
| 2 types of sclerenchyma cells | sclereid and fibers |
| another name for pear | pyrus, nymphia |
| what is sclereids | a sclerenchyma cell with a thick, lignified secondary wall having many pits, varialble in form, may or not be living at maturity |
| what is a fiber | |
| fibers - found and location | tilia, basswood, or other stems of 1,2,3 years old |
| the phloem in cucurbita--consists of 3 cell types | sieve tube elements, companion cells, paranchyma cells |
| sieve tube elements - function and location | one of the compnent cells of a sieve tube, found primarily in flowering plants and companion cell. |
| companion cells - function and location | a specilized parenchyma cell associated with a sieve tube element in angiosperm phloem and rarising from the same mother cells as the sieve tube element |
| p-protein - function and location | phloem protein a proteinaceous substance found in cells of angiosperm phloem, especially in sieve tube elements, also known as slime.--plug for mature, for mature it has the p protein bodies. |
| sieve plats - function and location | in the sieve tube elements, small with dense protoplasts which are the companion cells |
| the xylem in cucurbita--consists of what type of element and cell | vessel elements and parenchyma cells |
| dermal tissue - 2 types of tissue | epidermis and periderm |
| ground tissue - 3 types | parenchyma cells,collenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells |
| vascular tissue - 2 types | primary xylem, primary phloem |
| 3 types of apical meristem | protoderm, ground meristem, procambium |
| 1 type of protoderm | dermal tissue |
| 1 type ground meristem | ground tissue |
| 1 type of procambium | vascular tissue |
| 3 types of primarily xylem and what type of cell | tracheids, fibers, parenchyma cell |
| 3 types of primarily phloem and what type of cell | sieve elements, whicha are sieve cell(albuminous cells), sieve tube elements (companion cells) parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells |
| stems and leaves constitutes of what | shoot |
| leaves are constituted of | node and internode |
| what is a node | part of the stem at which one or more leaves are attached. |
| what is an internode | is the region of the stem between 2 successive nodes. |
| what is the principle function of the stem | to support and conduct food and water. |
| where is the food stored | parenchyma cells of the roots, seeds and fruits, and stems. |
| apical meristem location and function | the meristem at the tip of the root or shoot in a vascular plant |
| leaf primordia location and function | a lateral outgrowth from the apical meristem that will eventually become a leaf |
| apical meristem gives rise to what | primary tissues of the stem |
| name the 3 items that give rise | epidermis, primary vascular tissue and ground tissue |
| immature primary tissues from the epidermis, primary vascular tissues, and ground tissues are known as | protoderm, procambium and ground meristem. |
| leaf trace location and function | the part of the vascular bundle extending from the base of the leaf to its connection with a vascular bundle in the stem |
| leaf trace gap location and function | region of parenchhyma tissue in the primarily vascular cylinder of a stem above the point of departure of the leaf trace or traces in seed plants |
| does the stem divide into regions of cell division, elongation and maturation | no |
| how does stem divide | shoot gives rie to leaf primordia in close succsesion that nodes and internodes can not at first be distinguished |
| in the medicago, the cortex is composed of what type of cells | parenchyma and collenchyma cells. |
| is medicago monocot or eudicot | eudicot, vascular bundles are on the outside, |
| is maize monocot or eudicot | monocot, vascular bundles are scattered, and there are closed |
| bundle sheath | surrounds the vascular bundles and is made up of sclerenchyma cells with thick secondary walls |
| where is the phloem and xylem located | the primary phloem is outside and the primary xylem in the inside |
| 2 types of cells are found in the phloem are | sieve tube elements and companion cells |
| what is the xylem composed with | vessel elements which are thick and secondary walls and are much smaller parenchyma cells. |
| rhizomes | horizontal stems that grow at or below the soil surface. ex: iris, gingeroot |
| tubers | the tips of rhizomes, which become enlarged with the storage of food. ex: potato |
| bulbs | large buds, each consisting of small stem and numerous flesy, storage leaves. ex: onion |
| corms | stems tha superficially resemble bulbs but consist mostly of stem tissue; the leaves are usually smalleer and thinner than those of bulbs. ex: crocus |
| tendrils | modified aerial organs for climbing |
| runners or stolons | creeping stems that grow horizontally on the soil surface and often give rise to new plants at the nodes. ex: strawberries |
| thorns | modified twigs that gro in the axils of leaves; they sometimes are branched. ex: crataegus |
| cladophylls | branches that assume the form of and closely resemble foliage leaves. ex: asparagus |
| primary root | is the plant's first root, it develops from the root apical meristem of the embryo and it develops into a taproot |
| what does a taproot give rise to | a lateral or branch roots. |
| fibrous root system | grasses, branched toot |
| protoderm | primary meristematic tissue that gives rise to epidermis |
| ground meristem | the primary meristem, or meristematic tissue that gices rise to the ground tissue |
| procambium | a primary meristematic tissue that gives rise to primary vascular tissues |
| rootcap | a timblelike mass of cells that covers and protects the growing tip of a root. |
| which region corresponds to the region of root hairs | maturation |
| ranunculus root -buttercup a monocot or eudicot | eudicot |
| maize/smilax root monocot or eudicot | monocot |
| does the maize.smilax have a pith | yes |
| what are secondary vascular tissues, secondary xylem and secondary phloem produced by | vascular cambium, which separates the primary phloem from the primary xylem. |
| roots of tilia is a eudicot or monocot | eudicot (2 and 5 years) |
| the shoot consists of | stems and leaves |
| what is the stem divided into | nodes and internodes |
| node | is that part of a stem at which one or more leaves are attached |
| internode | is the region of the stem between two successive nodes |
| functions of the stem | to support and conduction of food and water. |
| 3 ways plants are categorized | mesophytes, hydrophytes ad xerophytes |
| mesophytes | plants that require an enviroment that is neither too wet nor too dry |
| hydrophytes | plants that require a large supply of water or grow wholly or partly submerged in water |
| xerophytes | plants that are adpted to arid habitats |
| simple leaf | netted veined, parallel veined |
| compound leaf | palmately compound, pinnately compound |
| example of a mesophormic leaf | syringa of lilac leaf |
| palisade parenchyma | a leaf tissue composed of columnar chloroplast bearing parenchyma cells withe their long axes at right angles to the leaf surface |
| spongy parenchyma | a leaf tissue complosed of loosely arranged, chloroplast bearing cells |
| mesophyll or ground tissue | made up of palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma |
| are more stomata in the upper or lower epidermis | lower |
| what is the significance of the intercellular spaces | specializes in photosynthesis |
| the hydromorphic leaf has stomata up or down the epidermis | only on top because it floats. |
| another name for a hydromorphic leaft | numphaea odorata |
| another name for a xeromorphic leaf | nerium oleander--lilac |
| in the maize leaf the vascular bundles are surrounded by | sheaths that are composed of parenchyma cells |
| what are the smaller vascular bundles surrounded by | mesophyll cells |
| what is the larger vascular bundles divided by on top and bottom | on top by the epidermis and at the bottom by strands of sclerenchyma cells |
| where is the plant c4 located | in the chloroplast of the mesophyll cells and the calvin cylcle |
| where is the plant c3 located | in the chloroplast of the bundle sheath cells. |
| what are the epidermis cells from the leaf made up of | bulliform cells |
| bulliform cells | are arranged in longitudinal rows and are believed to play a role in the folding or rolling and unfolding or unrolling of the leaves through changes in turgor pressure |
| example of a xeromorphic leaf | pine leaf |
| abscission zone of the leaf | is located at the base of the petiole and is differentiated into 2 layers |
| names of the 2 layers | separation layer and protective layer |
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