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Pharm1 Chapter20&Som
Pharm1 Chapter 20 & Extra Chapters
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Parasympathetic system is | “Rest & Digest”, Pupils constrict (Meiosis), Stimulates flow of saliva, constricts bronchi, stimulates peristalsis and secretion, stimulates release of bile, and contracts bladder |
| Sympathetic System is | “Fight or Flight”, Pupils dilate (mydriasis), inhibits flow of saliva, accelerates heart beat, dilates bronchi, inhibits peristalsis and secretion, conversion of glycogen to glucose (energy), |
| Nerves that secrete acetylcholine are | Cholinergic fibers |
| Acetylcholine acts on body organs and tissues to cause | Parasympathetic effects |
| Parasympathetic system or sympathetic system causes stimulation of the | Autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
| Nerve fibers secreting norepinephrine are | Adrenergic fibers |
| Norepinephrine acts on the body organs and tissues to | Cause sympathetic effects |
| Sympathetic nervous system is stimulated by stress | Fight or Flight |
| What hormones are important to the sympathetic nervous system response | Norepinephrine and epinephrine |
| What neurotransmitter is essential for normal brain functioning | Dopamine |
| The resting, reparative and vegetative functions of the PNS are important for | Digestion, excretion, cardiac deceleration, anabolism, near vision |
| Acetylcholine acts on the body cells that respond to parasympathetic nerve stimulation | Cholinergic Receptors (PNS) |
| SNS stimulation (Fight or Flight) equals | Sympathomimetic, adrenergic, alpha and beta adrenergic agonist |
| PNS inhibition (block) (Fight or Flight) | Parasympatholytic, anticholinergic, chlonergic blocker |
| Lytic equals | Breakdown |
| Mimetic equals | Similar to |
| PNS stimulation (rest and digest) equals | Parasympathomimetic, cholinomemetic, and cholinergic |
| SNS inhibition (block) (Rest and Digest) equals | Sysmpatholytic, antiadrenergic, alpha and beta adrenergic blocking |
| Adrenergic agents known as adrenergic agonists and sympathomimetics stimulate | SNS |
| What agents mimic the effects of the SNS meurotransmitters | Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine |
| What is the predominant alpha-adrenergic agonist response | Vasoconstriction |
| What is vasoconstriction | Vasopressor or “pressors”- make blood vessels smaller and tighter |
| Beta 1 adrenergic receptors are located primarily in the | Heart (they will help speed the heart up) |
| Beta 2 adrenergic receptors are located in | Smooth muscle of the bronchioles (lungs), which help dilate the lungs to help breathing during fight of flight |
| Stimulation of the alpha-adrenergic receptors on smooth muscles results in | Vasoconstriction (raises blood pressure), GI relaxation, Dialated pupils |
| Stimulation of beta1-adrenergic receptors on the myocardium, AV node, SA node result in | Cardiac stimulation |
| Increased force of contraction | Positive inotropic effect |
| Increased heart rate | Positive chronotropic effect |
| Increased conduction through the AV node | Positive dromotropic effect |
| Cholinergic-blocking agents | Fight or Flight |
| Drugs that block or inhibit the actions of acetylcholine (Ach) in the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) | Cholinergic-Blocking Agents |
| Anticholinergics may have similar effects to | Adrenergics |
| Cholinergic-blocking agents (anti) compete with | ACH by blocking Ach. It works as fight or flight |
| Cholinergic-blocking agent’s major sites of actions are | Heart, respiratory tract, GI Urinary bladder, eye, and exocrine glands |
| Small dose of cholinergic blocking agents cause a | Decreased heart rate, decrease muscle rigity and tremors |
| Large doses of cholinergic blocking agents cause an | Increase in heart rate, drowsiness, disorientation, hallucinations |
| What effect does cholinergic blocking agents have on the eyes | Dilates pupils (mydriasis) |
| What effect does cholinergic blocking agents have on the GI system | Relax smooth muscle tone of GI tract, Decrease intestinal and gastric secretions, decrease motility and peristalsis, and decrease salivation |
| What effects does cholinergic blocking agents have on the Genitourinary system | Decrease bladder contraction of internal sphincter, results in urinary retention |
| What effect does cholinergic blocking agents of on glandular system | Decreased bronchial secretions, salivation, and sweating |
| What effects does cholinergic blocking agents have on the respiratory system | Decreased bronchial secretions, dilated bronchial airways |
| Why would a cholinergic blocking agent be given to a Parkinson’s disease patient | It is given for central effects; Decrease salivation (drooling), decrease spasticity (not as spastic), Decrease tremors, and is also used for those who cannot tolerate levodopa or respond to levodopa |
| What cholinergic blocking agent is used primarily for cardiovascular disorders | Atropine |
| Atropine helps | Decrease secretion from (nose, mouth, pharynx), relax bronchi and bronchioles, decrease airway resistance, and helps with bronchodilation |
| Atropine is used for | Exercise induced bronchospasms, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| What GI conditions does Atropine help | PUD-peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, pylorospasm, diverticulitis, ileitis, ulcerative colitis,relax GI smooth muscle |
| How does Atropine help genitourinary conditions | Urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, enuresis, paraplegia, neurogenic bladder, antispasmodic effects on smooth muscle, and increase bladder capacity |
| What patients are at higher risk for adverse effects with Atropine | Older adults |
| What drug should not be interacted with atropine, because it will cause additive cholinergic effects, resulting in increased effects | Antihistamines (ex. Benadryl) |
| What is Atropine primarily used for | CV disorders and life support for bradycardia |
| What is the antidote for overdose of cholinergic drugs, and exposure to insecticides | Atropine |
| Mushrooms and pesticides are forms of | Cholinergic |
| What is used to slow down bowels, irritable bowel syndrome, and colic in infants | Dicyclomine (Bentyl) |
| This is used in a form of a patch that you put behind the ear to relieve motion sickness | Scopolamine |
| When should you use scopolamine | 4-6 hours before you go on a trip |
| What urinary antispasmodic is used or bladder incontinence | Oxybutynin (Ditropan, Oxytrol) |
| When using cholinergic blocking agents they block Ach which may cause what | Confusion |
| What is the antidote for atropine overdose | Physistigmine |
| Anticholinergics taken by the geriatric patient may lead to higher risk for | Heatstroke due to effects on heat regulating mechanisms |
| Teach patients who are taking cholinergic blocking agents that they should | Limit physical exertion, and avoid high temperatures and strenuous exercise |
| Emphasize to the patient taking cholinergic blocking agents the importance of consuming adequate amounts of | Fluid and salt intake |
| What is the therapeutic effect of cholinergic blocking agents on a Parkinson’s disease patient | Fewer tremors |
| What is the therapeutic effect of cholinergic blocking agents on a patient with peptic ulcer disease | Decrease abdominal pain |
| For urological patients what would be a therapeutic effect from taking a cholinergic blocking agent | Improved urinary patterns, led hyper motility, increased time between voiding |
| What are some common side effects that might occur while taking cholinergic blocking agents | Constipation, tremors, hallucinations, urinary retention, fever, CNS depression (occurs with large doses of atropine), tachycardia, confusion, sedation, and hot, dry skin |
Created by:
cspearsall
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