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Microbiology Exam #4
Chapters 10,17-23
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Which of the following is a household example of biotechnology | bread making |
| Part of the cleanup efforts for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 involved ________ | bioremediation |
| What does it mean to refer to an organism as a "recombinant" in the biotechnology field | an organism with DNA from multiple sources |
| What represents advancements due to genetic engineering | -medicine and vaccine productionWhat represents advancements due to genetic engineering -enhanced nutrition -resistant crop production -mass production of industrial enzymes |
| The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to rapidly increase the amount of _______ in a sample and operates by repetitive cycling of _____ basic steps. | DNA three |
| This step requires the addition of synthetic oligonucleotides, called _______, which bind to the separated DNA strands through | primers |
| At the end of the cycle , ______ complete strands of DNA are formed which can now serve as templates for subsequent cycles of amplification. | two |
| The primer-bound DNA strands are ready for synthesis and are now called _________. | amplicons |
| In the final step, ________ occurs at _____ degrees Celsius with the addition of ___________ and nucleotides | extension 72 |
| The system is then cooled to _______ degrees Celsius for _______ to occur. | 50 to 60 priming |
| ____________ is initiated by heating the target DNA to ____ degrees Celsius, separating it into two strands. | Denaturation 94 |
| Genetic technology can play a role in the outcome of a trial in a court of law. T/F | True |
| Statement that best describes the role of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering | restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA as specific locations |
| Three basic steps in PCR cycle when all reagents and the DNA sample that are to be amplified are mixed and ready to go | -Denaturation at 94 degrees C -Annealing primers at 60 degrees C -Extension at 72 degrees C |
| Phenotypic | includes techniques for the observation of a microbe's microscopic and macroscopic morphology, physiology, and biochemical properties |
| Genotypic | includes techniques for the analysis of a microbe's DNA and RNA |
| Immunologic | includes techniques for the analysis of a microbe using antibodies, or of patient's antibodies using pre-packaged antigens |
| Statement that best describes the indirect ELISA technique | detects the presence of antibody in a sample using a known antigen absorbed onto the well |
| Breakthrough methods of genome analysis | -genome sequences from dif organisms associated w/ specific syndrome are affixed to a chip in microarray analysis -deep tissue inf, inc. biofilm inf of artificial joints, can be visualized using MRI, PET, and CT scans |
| Statements that apply to the process of agglutination | -antigens are whole cells such as RBCs -antigen-antibody reactions from an insoluble aggregate -one antigen interacts w/multiple antibodies |
| Recombinant DNA technology | Deliberately removing genetic material from one organism and combine it with that of a different organism |
| Three goals of recombinant DNA technology | -Eliminate undesirable phenotypic traits -Combine beneficial traits of two or more organisms -Create organisms that synthesize products humans need |
| Does recombinant DNA techbology pose any risk to human health or environmental | Multiple, well controlled, peer-reviewed studies have not shown any risks to human health or environment |
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides. |
| Real-time PCR | newly made DNA is tagged with a fluorescent dye; the levels of fluorescence can be measured after every PCR cycle Can detect products during the reaction instead of at the end |
| Multiplex PCR | multiple specific primers that result in different length fragments all used in the same reaction |
| PCR plays an essential role in | Gene mapping, study of genetic defects and cancer, forensics, infectious disease diagnosis, taxonomy studies |
| restriction enzymes | in cloning by insert gene into a plasmid vect express protein recognize and clip at palindromes Cuts with 'blunt' or 'sticky' ends staggered symmetrical cuts that leave short tails Base-pair w/comp tails on other DNA frag/ plasmids cut w/ same enzyme |
| gel electrophoresis | Separates molecules based on electrical charge, size, and shape (smaller fragments migrate faster than larger ones) |
| DNA fingerprinting | unique DNA sequence identifies individuals or organisms |
| How many types of herpes simplex viruses | 2 (HSV 1 and HSV 2) |
| HSV-1 | affect oral mucosa leading to cold sores; more prone to Alzheimer's disease (80% of elderly HSV-1+) |
| HSV-2 | genital infections - Latent due to miRNAs: reactivated in stress, UV radiation, injury, menstruation o HSV-1 remains in trigeminal nerve o HSV-2 remains in ganglion of lumbosacral spinal nerve trun |
| Treatment of HSV | Acyclovir and topical ointments very effective |
| Syphilis scientific name | Treponema pallidum |
| Primary syphilis | painless chancres (large red bumps) that enlarges to a shallow crater |
| Secondary syphilis | invasion; red or brown widespread rash and lymphadenopathy |
| Tertiary and latency syphilis | rare but can last 20 years or longer ---> heart failure and congenital defects |
| Candida albicans | Dimorphic normal biota fungi in mouth, vagina, and GI - Opportunistic: broad spectrum antibiotics, tight pants, diabetic, pregnant, or menstruating women - Oral thrush in babies |
| Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) | Pubic pain, frequent urges to urinate, and burning pain with urination (dysuria) - caused by (E. coli - 80% of UTIs) - acid pH, lysozyme, lactoferrin, IgA, mucus |
| C. difficile disease | GI disease that produces enterotoxin, colitis with superinfection, cause diarrhea, disruption of normal biota due to antibiotics, may need fecal transplant treatment: antibiotics, probiotics, or fecal transplant |
| Hepatitis Virus | (Inflammatory liver condition with accompanied jaundice (accumulation of bilirubin) |
| Hepatitis A/E | (nonenveloped ssRNA virus) Mild, generally nonvirulent, Fecal-oral route |
| Hepatitis B | (enveloped DNA virus) Enters through break in skin/mucous membranes oCo-infection with RNA virus hepatitis D: permanent liver damage and death |
| Hepatitis C | (RNA virus) silently affects 4.1 million Americans Most common cause of liver cancer in the U.S. 75-85% remain infected indefinitely No vaccine |
| Gastric Ulcer | Heliobacter pylori - Lesions in stomach mucosa ---> sharp or burning pain - favor O blood type - WBC's damage mucosal lining - Transmission most likely oral-fecal - HelicoVax vaccine: concerns over H. pylori's protection against asthma |
| GI tract defenses | Mouth and anus saliva lysozymes stomach acidity intestinal alkalinity competition from normal flora |
| Tuberculosis caused by | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| Diagnosis of TB | First visit: Perform Mantoux test Second Visit: 48-72 hours later to read result Positive Result: test bump larger than 5mm Negative Result: test bump smaller than 5mm |
| What is TB | - Inflammation and lesions (granulomas) of the lung tissue and damage due to own immune response - slow growth rate |
| Signs of TB | - signs - cough, chest pains, weakness, malaise |
| Forms of TB | latent (not contagious) and active (infectious) |
| Influenza types | A, B & C |
| Most common influenza winter viruses | A & B |
| Influenza prevention | Prevention by vaccine (mixture of two or more prevalent or fatal A & B strains) - recommended for children, elderly, and healthcare professionals |
| Common Cold (URI) | acute inflammation that affects the mucous membrane of the URI - Rhinovirus (rhinitis) 50% of the colds, 100+ serotypes, Transmission by respiratory droplets - 200 different viruses can cause the common cold |
| otitis media | inflammation of the middle ear, common in URI S. pneumoniae or H. influenza AKA swimmers ear |
| What does otitis media cause | Causes pain in the ear and loss of hearing: irritability, fussiness, and difficulty sleeping and eating (mixed biofilms common) |
| Otitis media vaccine | 2012 Prevnar vaccine with 13 strains of capsulated bacteria and H. influenzae vaccine |
| Respiratory | hairs, mucus, cilia, IgA, lymphoid tissue, alveolar macrophages |
| HIV/AIDS | the virus that causes AIDS, spread through bodily fluids rather than casual contact or airborne |
| HIV/AIDS result of high mutation rates | results in combination therapy of RT inhibitors, integrase inhibitor, and "booster" drugs |
| How is HIV spread | Zoonotic primate disease spread through direct contact (sex, needles, and trauma) |
| How does HIV work | Depletes helper T cells in the blood (leukopenia): prone to secondary infections |
| Malaria caused by | Plasmodium species |
| What is the vector of malaria | mosquito |
| Malaria treatment | chloroquine, insecticides or mosquito nets |
| Malaria symptoms | alternate between bout of fever and chills due to RBC rupture every 48-72 hours |
| Changas disease | Trypanosoma cruzi |
| Changas disease acute vs chronic symptoms | - Acute: fever, nausea, and fatigue vs. Chronic: inflammation, eyelid swelling, and organ disruption |
| Vector of Changas disease | kissing bug as vector |
| How does Changas disease work | - Can neutralize lysosome's enzymes and pH and cover itself with host proteins (autoimmunity) |
| Lyme Disease | Borrelia burgdorferibull's eye rash, neurologic symptoms, red rash, and swelling treatment: doxycycline, amox, or cefuroxime symptoms: |
| Vector as lyme disease | tick as vector |
| Anthrax | Bacillus anthracis occurs in humans when they come in contact with infected sick animals, contaminated products, or exposed to spores |
| Treatment for Anthrax | Combined therapy treatment: PCN + doxycycline + ciproflaxin |
| What is anthrax | Gram (+) endospore former and soil bacteria |
| Anthrax: Tripartite toxin (A-B toxin): edema factor | (A) + protective antigen (A: massive inflammation and shock) (B) + lethal factor |
| septicemia | systemic bacterial blood infection (20-50% mortality rate) |
| The cardiovascular system is -well protected from invasion to | septicemia |
| African Sleeping Sickness | Trypanosoma brucei |
| Vector of African Sleeping Sickness | tsetse fly |
| Signs/symptoms of African Sleeping Sickness | - Causes uncontrollable sleepiness during day and sleeplessness at night - Includes tremors, fait, seizures, and local paralysis |
| Tetanus | Clostridium tetani |
| Tetanus treatment | tetanus immune globulin (TIG) for immediate treatment, no cure. |
| Tetanus signs/symptoms | - Lockjaw: sardonic, eerie smile - muscle paralysis (neurotoxin BLOCKS muscle contraction) - differs from botulism in that muscles CANNOT contract with botulism |
| Rabies | an acute viral infection that is most commonly transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal |
| Rabies characteristics | - Slow, progressive zoonotic disease that causes fatal encephalitis - Virulence due to enveloped glycoprotein that allows for attachment to glial cells |
| Rabies vaccination | contains protein from rabies virus envelope - Full course of vaccination after being bitten is required for 2 weeks |
| Meninigitis | inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord |
| Meningitis caused by | Cryptococcus neoformans, H. influenza, S. pneumoniae, herpesvirus |
| Meninigitis sign/symptom | - Photophobia, headache, painful or stiff neck, fever, and high numbers of WBCs in the CSF - Petechiae: red or purple lesions on trunk and appendages |
| Meningitis treatment | Conjugated MCV4 vaccine |
| The blood brain barrier of the nervous system | physiological barrier between the circulatory system and the central nervous system that establishes a privileged blood supply, restricting the flow of substances into the CNS -part of the Nervous System |
| River blindness | helminth infection Infection by Onchocerca volvus, a nematode or roundworm, is transmitted to humans by the bite of black flies |
| River blindness symptoms | Cause inflammation to the optic nerve and retina |
| River blindness vector | Black fly vector: (Transmitted by black flies: fly in packs and cause several hundred bites per day) |
| River blindness worms | Microfilariae (immature worms) migrate via bloodstream to the eye, and mature adult worms can last 15 years in skin nodules |
| Pinkeye | conjunctivitis |
| Bacterial and Viral of conjuctivitis | Bacterial infection (S. aureus & S. pneumoniae): milky discharge Viral conjunctivitis (adenovirus and herpesvirus): clear discharge |
| Neonatal eye infections | Serious conjunctivitis caused by: - Neisseria gonorrheae - Chlamydia trachomatis - Herpes after vaginal birth Large amounts of pus form in the eyes |
| conjuctivitis treatment | ciprofloxacin eye drops - bacterial |
| MRSA | methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus a mutated strain of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to the antibiotic, methicillin |
| MRSA Treatment | Vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, tigecycline, ceftaroline involves multiple antibiotics, hospital acquired, |
| MRSA Pathways | septicemia, surgical infections, pneumonia, biofilms, coagulase. |
| At risk for MRSA | -weakened immune system -confinement in hospital or other healthcare institutions -live in close quarters -skin contact with infected body part of another person. secondary skin contact from something used by someone with infection |
| Acne is caused by and includes | Propionibacterium acnes pore clogging and over production of sebum (oily secretion from sebaceous glands) (male hormones) |
| Acne is treated with | topical treatments that enhance sloughing off of dead skin cells OR antibiotics i.e. tetracycline and erythromycin |
| cardiovascular system | well protected from invaders to avoid septicemia |
| Chicken pox caused by and treatment | Human herpesvirus 3 (HHV-3) /varicella-zoster virus (VZV) treatment with Acyclovir spread by respiratory droplets and direct contact with lesions |
| Chlamydia and what is it caused by | Chlamydia trachomatis most common bacterial infection in the US (3x more women than men) -largely asymptomatic -favor cervical tissues -mimics gonorrhea -lymph nodes near lesion are filled w/ granulomas -grows intracellularly: evades immune resp |
| Cholera | an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water |
| Cholera causative agent and vaccine | Vibrio cholerae Vaxchora -only offer short-term immunity |
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) | a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that occurs sporadically in humans "Mad Cow Disease" |
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) transmission | direct or indirect contact with infected brain tissue |
| Diphtheria | an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract -Symptoms -membranous pharyngitis -difficulty in swallowing -swelling of lymph glands |
| Diptheria causative and vaccine | Corynebacterium diphtheriae (gram positive rod) -endotoxins produced when the bacteria are lysogenized by a phage (lysogenic conversion) Vaccine: Acellular DTaP |
| Gas gangrene and caused by | Caused by: Clostridium perfringens Toxins: RBC disruption, edema and tissue destruction Symptoms: pain, edema, and bloody exudate myonecrosis-spread within blackened necrotic muscle tissue |
| Flat warts | smooth, skin colored lesions that develop on the face, trunk, elbows, and knees -HPV-3,10,28,&49 |
| Gonorrhea | A bacterial STD that usually affects mucous membranes -increase in fluid discharge and scar tissue that leads to infertility |
| Gonorrhea caused by, transmission, and treatment | Caused by: Neisseria gonorrhoeae -fimbriae for attachment to nonciliated cells and IgA protease Transmission: sexual contact in a genital or extragenital Treatment: Ceftriaxone and antibiotics |
| Hemorrhagic fever diseases | zoonotic enveloped RNA viruses -virulence stimulated by disruption of clotting factors |
| Hemorrhagic fever diseases transmission | by vectors or direct contact with bodily fluids |
| Impetigo | bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture (superficial bacteria infection that causes skin peeling, flaking, and itching) |
| Impetigo caused by and treatment | both Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. S. pyogenes is the initial inf/S. aureus is the secondary infection treated with mupirocin -exfoliative toxins A&B: breaks up epithelial cell-to-cell binding -highly contagious and transmittable |
| Infectious Mononucleosis (MONO) | "Kissing disease" characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes, (lymphadenopathy) leukocytosis and fatigue -latency and spliceosomes increase its virulence: found in 90% of worlds population |
| Measles caused by, transmission and vaccine | caused by: ssRNA virus from the Morbillivirus genus transmission: respiratory droplets- most contagious vaccine: MMR |
| Warts caused by and treatment | HPV (human papilloma virus) -malignant and genital can cause cancer Treatment: Salicylic acid and surgery |
| Pertussis | airborne bacterial infection that affects children younger than 6 years. -Catarrhal stage: int runny nose + cold stage that lasts 1-2 weeks -Paroxsymal stage: severe + uncontrollable dry cough w/ spasms -high incidence due to lack of vaccinations |
| Pertussis caused by and vaccine | caused by Bordetella pertussis vaccine: DTAP |
| Pneumococcal pneumonia | Severe inflammation of the lungs: primary cause of death in pre-antibiotic era |
| Pneumococcal pneumonia caused by and treatment | caused by: Streptococcus pneumoniae -pathogenic strains have polysaccharide capsule to evade immune system treatment:penicillin (PCN) Pneumovax vaccine younger than 5 |
| Poliomyelitis | inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis -infiltrates motor neurons of anterior horn of spinal cord -Humans are the only known reservoir |
| Poliomyelitus caused by and vaccine | caused by - Three types of polioviruses named 1,2 and 3 - Non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses - Members of enterovirus subgroup of picornavirus family vaccine: Polio vaccine |
| Ringworm (Cutaneous Mycoses) | Dermatophytes: Mycoses strictly confined to nonliving epidermal tissues and their derivatives Tinea: derives from the erroneous belief that these infections were caused by worms -invades and digests keratin (superficial infection) |
| Ringworm caused by and treatment | caused by: Fungi: dermatophytes -Trichophyton -Microsporum -Epidermophyton treatment: topical anti-fungal drugs like miconazole |
| Rotavirus and what its caused by | The most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis. Primary viral cause of morbidity+ mortality 50% of diarrhea fecal-oral route transmission -oral live virus RotaTeq caused by: dsRNA virus w/inner and outer capsid |
| Salmonella and what its caused by | acute diarrhea severe: high fever and septicemia (typhoid fever) mild: vomiting, diarrhea, and mucosal irratiation high infectious dose caused by: Salmonella enterica |
| Schistocoiasis | The liver flukes -chronic liver swelling with eosinophilia -itchiness, fever, chills, diarrhea, and cough that eventually lead to heptomegaly and liver disease |
| Schistocoiasis caused by and treatment | Caused by: Schistosoma Mansoni treatment: Praziquantel |
| Shigella dysenteriae | causes the most severe form of dysentery (bloody diarrhea) -oral and direct contact: crowding and sanitation frequent watery and bloody stools, fever, and intense abd pain -invades the small intestine and not the large intestine |
| Shingles | A reactivation of the chickenpox virus in the body symptoms of the virus that innervates dermatomes and ganglia -asymmetrical lesions on skin and trunk, pain, and facial paralysis treated by: Varivax vaccine |
| An effective treatment for a cutaneous mycosis like tinea pedis would be_________ | miconazole |
| What is the antimicrobial enzyme found in sweat, tears, and saliva that can specifically break down peptidoglycan? | Lysozyme |
| What is the most important defense factor for the skin? | Antimicrobial peptides |
| Name the organism(s) most commonly associated with cellulitis | Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes |
| MRSA | is decreasing in hospitals but increasing in the community |
| Warts are caused by | papillomavirus |
| Herpesviruses can cause diseases except ________ | smallpox |
| Dermatophytes are fungi that infect the epidermal tissue by invading and attacking _________ | keratin |
| Poor contact lens hygiene is likely to get you a case of ________ | Acanthamoeba keratitis |
| The enzyme catalase is associated with pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus. T/F | False |
| Fifth disease can be treated with acyclovir and prevented by immunization. T/F | False |
| Measles can be eradicated because humans are the only reservoir. T/F | True |
| The blistering and peeling of the skin in scalded skin syndrome are due to the ability of Staphylococcus aureus to produce catalase. T/F | False |
| The normal skin biota is similar among different people. T/F | False |
| What organism does not cause meningitis | Clostridium tetani |
| What are not choices for antibiotic for viral meningitis is _______ | Ceftriaxone ampicillin penicillin |
| Meningococcal miningitis is caused by ________ | Neisseria meningitidis |
| What neurological disease is not caused by a prion? | West Nile encephalitis |
| Cryptococcus neoformans is primarily transmitted by | bird droppings |
| What is caused by an arbovirus? | eastern equine encephalitis |
| CJD is caused by a | prion |
| What food should you avid feeding a child under 1 year old because of potential botulism? | honey |
| Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis is commonly acquired via | swimming in ponds and streams |
| Which organism is responsible for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy? | JC virus |
| Toxoplasma gondii is a bacterium. T/F | False |
| Penicillin G is the first line of treatment for coccidioidomycosis T/F | False |
| A diagnosis of bacterial meningitis can be made by analyzing cerebral spinal fluid. T/F | True |
| In the U.S., dogs are a common reservoir for rabies. T/F | False |
| The protein PrP is beneficial before it is transformed into an abnormal protein. T/F | True |
| When bacteria flourish and grow in the bloodstream , this is _______ | septicemia |
| What disease is caused by a retrovirus? | HIV |
| The plague bacterium, Yersinia pestis, is transmitted mainly by | fleas |
| Rabbit fever is caused by | Francisella tularensis |
| A distinctive bull eyes rash may result from a tick bite transmitting | Lyme disease |
| Cat scratch disease is caused by | Bartonella henselae |
| The bite of the tick Ixodes scapularis can cause | Ehrlichioses Lyme Disease |
| Cat scratch disease is effectively treated with | azithromycin |
| Wool sorter's disease is caused by | Bacillus anthracis |
| What is not a hemorrhagic fever? | trench fever |
| Brucellosis can be transmitted to humans by drinking contaminated milk. T/F | True |
| Respiratory tract infection with Bartonella henslae is considered an AIDS defining condition. T/F | False |
| Lyme disease is caused by Rickettsia ricketsii. T/F | False |
| Babesiosis is caused by a protozoan transmitted by flease. T/F | False |
| HIV in the U.S. is mainly transmitted via male homosexual sex. T/F | True |
| The two most common groups of viruses associated with the common cold are | Rhinoviruses Coronaviruses |
| What conditions is associate with Streptococcus pyogenes | Pharyngitis scarlet fever rheumatic fever |
| What is not a characteristic of STreptococcus pyogenes | alpha-hemolytic |
| The common stain used to identify Mycobacterium species is | acid fast stain |
| What is a technique that can be used to diagnose TB | Tuberculin skin testing IGRA a PCR test |
| The DTaP vaccine does not provides protection against what disease | pneumonia |
| What infections often has polymicrobial cause | otitis media hospital acquired pneumonia sinusitis |
| What organism causes the vast majority of pneumonias that occur in AIDS patients | Pneumocytstis jiroveci |
| The beta hemolysis of blood agar observed with Streptococcus pyogenes is due to the presence of | streptolysin |
| An estimated _______ of the world population is infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis | 1/3 |
| Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent for whopping cough. T/F | True |
| Mycoplasma pneumonia causes atypical pneumonia and can be diagnosed by serology. T/F | True |
| BCG vaccine is used in other countries to prevent Legionnaires disease. T/F | False |
| Respiratory syncytial virus is a respiratory infection associated with elderly people. T/F | False |
| The flu shot can cause the flu in immunocompromised people. T/F | False |
| Food moves down the GI tract through the action of | peristalsis |
| The microorganism most associated with acute necrotizing ulcerative periodonitits is | Treponema vincentii prevotella intermedia Helicobacter pylori |
| Gastric ulcers are caused by | Helicobacter pylori |
| Virus family Paramyxoviridae contains viruses that causes | measles and mumps |
| What bacteria is considered the most common cause of diarrhea in the U.S. | Campylobacter |
| What microorganism is associated with Guillain Barre syndrome | Campylobacter |
| This microorganism is commonly associated with fried rice and produces an emetic toxin | Bacillus cereus |
| This endospore former contaminates meats as well as vegetables and is causative agent for gas gangrene | Clostridium perfringens |
| The hepatitis virus is an enveloped DNA virus | Hep B |
| what helminth life cycle is a grazing animal involved | lifecycle C |
| Mumps is a disease that affects humans and several other species. T/F | False |
| Giardia lamblia is a water borne, flagellated protozoan often associated with chronic diarrhea. T/F | True |
| Pseudomembranous colitis is caused by Clostridium difficle. T/F | True |
| Poor oral health has been associated with heart disease. T/F | True |
| Enterobius vermucularis, commonly known as the pinworm, is a common cause of anal itching in young children in the U.S. T/F | True |
| Cystitis is an infection of the | bladder |
| A form of vaginitis is caused by | Trichomonas vaginalis |
| Leptospirosis transmission to human is | by contaminated soil or water |
| Syphilis is caused by | Treponema pallidum |
| Yeast infections are caused by | Candida albicans |
| This dimorphic fungus is a common cause of vaginitis | Candida albicans |
| Approx ________ % of adult Americans have genital herpes | 25% |
| Genital herpes transmission can be reduced or prevented except by | the contraceptive pill |
| The drug Flagyl can be used to treat the protozoan infection | Trichomonas vaginalis |
| Genital herpes can be treated with acyclovir. T/F | True |
| Chancroid is caused by a fungus. T/F | False |
| The vast majority of cervical cancers are caused by human papillomavirus. T/F | True |
| Chlamydia infection is the most common STI in the U.S. T/F | False |
| Group B Streptococcus infection is generally silent in adult females. T/F | True |
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