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Bio- Chap 12
Inheritance Patterns and Human Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chromosome map | a diagram of allele positions on a chromosome |
| deletion | a mutations in which a segment of DNA breaks off of a chromosome |
| frame shift mutation | a mutation that results in the misreading of the code during translation because of a change in the reading frame |
| germ-cell mutation | a change in the DNA of a sex cell |
| inversion | a mutation that occurs when a chromosome piece breaks off and reattaches in reverse orientation |
| lethal mutation | |
| linkage group | the group of genes, located on the same chromosome, that are usually inherited together |
| map unit | a unit in chromosome mapping equal to 1 percent occurrence of crossing over |
| nondisjunction | the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during ,meiosis or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis |
| point mutation | the change of a single nitrogen-containing base within a codon |
| sex linkage | the presence of a gene on a sex chromosome |
| sickle cell anemia | (blank) |
| somatic mutation | a mutation that occurs in a body cell |
| substitution | a point mutation in which one nucleotide in a codon is replaced with a different nucleotide |
| translocation | in viruses,the process in which genetic material is transferred from one cell to another |
| X-linked gene | a gene found on the X chromosome |
| Y-linked gene | a gene found on the Y chromosome |
| amniocentesis | a procedurre used in fetal diagnosis in which fetal cells are removed from the amniotic fluid |
| carrier | (blank) |
| chorionic villi sampling | a procedure involving the analysis of the chorionic villi to diagnose fetal genotypes |
| colorblindness | |
| Down Syndrome | a disorder caused by an extra 21 chromosome and characterized by a number of physical and mental abnormalities |
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy | a form of muscular dystrophy that weakens and progressively destroys muscle tissue |
| genetic counseling | the process of informing a couple about their genetic makeup, which has the potential to affect their offspring |
| genetic disorder | a disease that has a genetic basis |
| genetic marker | a short section of DNA that indicates the presence of an allele that codes for a trait |
| genetic screening | an examination of a person's genetic makeup |
| hemophilia | a trait in which the blood lacks a protein that is essential for clotting |
| Huntington's disease (HD) | a human genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele resulting in involuntary movements, mental deterioration, and eventual death |
| monosomy | a condition in a diploid cell in which one chromosome of one pair is missing as a result of nondisjunction during meiosis |
| multiple-allele trait | (blank) |
| pattern of inheritance | |
| pedigree | a diagram of the genetic history of an individual; can show how a trait is inherited over several generations |
| phenylketonuria (PKU) | a genetic disorder in which the body cannot metabolize phenylalanine |
| polygenic trait | a trait controlled by multiple genes |
| sex-influenced trait | a trait that is influenced by the presence of male or female hormones |
| single-allele trait | a trait controlled by a single allele |
| trisomy | a chromosomal anomaly on which an individual had an extra chromosome in any of the chromosome pairs |
| trisomy-21 | a human congenital disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 due to the failure of the sister chromatids to separate during mitosis or the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis (Down Syndrome) |
| True or False: There are four steps in the process of gene expression | False; there are more than four |
| Operator portion | an operon RNA polymerases access to structural genes |
| True or False: Somatic mutations affect an organism's offspring | False; Gametes mutations |
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