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Exam 3
Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Removal of all microorganisms | sterilization |
| Sterilizers removes all microbes, including what? | endospores & viruses |
| Elimination of most or all pathogens | disinfection |
| Used on living tissues | antiseptics |
| Brief heating to reduce number of spoilage organisms, destroy pathogens | Pasteurization |
| reduces pathogens to levels considered safe to handle | Decontamination |
| substantially reduces microbial population that meets accepted health standards (not specific) | Sanitization |
| process of delaying spoilage of foods and other perishable products | preservation |
| Irreversibly denatures proteins | moist heat |
| destroys most microorganisms and viruses (no sterilization) | boiling |
| destroys pathogens, spoilage organisms | pasteurization |
| Which products have HTST? | milk (72) & ice cream (82) |
| Used to sterilize using pressurized steam | Autoclave |
| Sterilization typically takes place at _______ degrees Celsius and 15 psi in _____ min: | 121, 15 |
| Industrial sized autoclave | retort |
| Designed to destroy Clostridium botulinum endospores | commercial canning processC |
| Cells growing in low-acid anaerobic conditions produce what? | botulinum toxin |
| Less effective than moist heat; longer times and much higher temps necessary | dry heat |
| retains bacteria in the filter | filtration |
| the type of filter that has small pore sizes and is thin: | membrane filter |
| can remove e- from atoms, destroys DNA, damages cytoplasmic membranes, and reacts with O2 to produce reactive oxygen species | ionizing radiation |
| Destroys microbes directly, damages DNA, but has poor penetrating power | UV radiation |
| Kill by generated heat, not directly | Microwave |
| Used in pasteurization of commercial foods, destroys microbes by denaturing proteins and altering cell permeability | high pressure |
| kill vegetative bacteria and fungi, denature essential proteins, damages lipid membranes, not reliable against endospores and some naked viruses | alcohols |
| form chemical bonds that cross-link and inactivate proteins and nucleic acids | aldehydes |
| used as gas or as formalin to kill bacteria and inactive viruses for vaccines | formaldehyde |
| oxidize proteins/cellular components | halogens |
| destroys all microorganisms and viruses, used as a disinfectant, and is caustic to skin and mucous membranes | chlorine |
| combine with sulfhydryl groups of enzymes/proteins which destroy folding, high con. are too toxic to be used medically | metal compounds |
| were required to prevent Neisseria gonorhoeae infections acquired during birth | silver nitrate eyedrops |
| Combo of mercury, tin, copper, and others were once widely used as ________ | preservatives |
| powerful oxidizers used as sterilants | peroxygens |
| more potent than H2O2 | peracetic acid |
| This is one of the earliest disinfectants that destroy cytoplasmic membranes and denature proteins, but leave antimicrobial residue | phenol |
| These are used in soaps and lotions | Triclosan & hexachlorophene |
| cationic detergents that are used to disinfect food prep surfaces (nontoxic) | quaternary Ammonium compounds |
| Benzoic sorbic, citric, and propionic are ________ acids that inhibit metabolism and alter cell membrane function | weak organic |
| Used in processed meats, inhibit endospore germination and vegetative cell growth | nitrate & nitrite |
| What type of storage can Psychrotrophs and psychrophilic organisms only grow in | low temp storage |
| what is the process of cellular plasmolysis | water exits bacterial cells |
| what is lyophilization | freeze drying foods |
| Who was the scientist that identified mold Penicillium excreting compound toxic to Staphylococcus in 1928? | Alexander Fleming |
| What was the first antibiotic in use? | Penicillin G |
| Who purified streptomycin from soil bacterium Streptomyces griseus? | Selman Waksman |
| Inhibit bacterial growth | bacteriostatic drugs |
| kill bacteria | bacteriocidal drugs |
| Affect a wide range of bacteria | broad-spectrum antimicrobials |
| Affect a limited range of pathogens and are less disruptive to normal microflora | narrow-spectrum antimicrobials |
| Target specific bacterial processes and structures | antibacterial drugs |
| Weaken cell walls and lead to cell lysis | Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and other B-Lactam Drugs |
| Derived from fungus Acremonium cephalosporium | Cephalosporins |
| Blocks cell wall synthesis (growth) and binds to peptide side chain of Peptidoglycan subunit prior to its being added to growing cell wall | Vancomycin |
| toxicity limits this to topical applications | Bacitracin |
| Interferes w/ transport of peptidoglycan precursors across membrane (bactoprenol) | Bacitracin |
| These type of antibacterial drugs exploit differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes | protein synthesis inhibition |
| Irreversibly bind to 30S ribosomal subunit, causing it to distort and malfunction and blocks initiation of translation | Aminoglycosides |
| Reversibly bind to 30S subunit and block tRNA attachment which prevents translation | Tetracyclines |
| reversibly bind to 50S subunit and prevent continuation of translation | Macrolides |
| Binds to 50S ribosomal subunit; blocks translation | Chloramphenicol |
| Bind 50S ribosomal subunit and block continuation of translation | Lincosamides |
| Enzymes that maintain supercoiling of DNA | topoisomerases |
| Inhibit topoisomerases and resistance is usually do to alteration in DNA gyrase target | fluoroquinolones |
| What is S. aureus natural habitat on humans? | moist mucous membrane inside nostrils |
| How did Eichenwald control outbreaks of 80/81 in neonates? | he sent out vials of the 502A strain to hospitals around the world (inoculation of newborn's nostrils/umbilical stump) |
| What was the first semi-synthetic antibiotic? | methicillin |
| What is meant by "Here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place" | no matter how many antibiotics are made to counteract the effects of the disease, it will never go away |
| What is meant by broad-spectrum antibiotics? | antibiotics that can fight against any kind of infection |
| What are two advantages of broad-spectrum antibiotics? | one-size-fits-all & less expensive/ time consuming |
| What are two disadvantages of broad-spectrum antibiotics? | bacteria became more resistant |
| How did the Lederberg's experiment demonstrate that antibiotic-resistance genes existed before the use of antibiotics? | they used swatches of velvet mounted on round wooden blocks, each one the size of a petri dish. They found that they could pick up hundreds of pinprick sized colonies of bacteria from one petri dish filled w/ bacteria and then deposit them, in the exact |
| Why are antibiotics a powerful force for bacterial evolution? | they can only fight against non-resistant bacteria and leave the resistant ones to repopulate, giving rise to a newly resistant colony |
| Why did the medical strategy of using multiple drugs (cocktails) to get around resistance to antibiotics not work? | a strain already resistant to one antibiotic would spinoff a substrain that would be resistant to another antibiotic as well |
| How do bacteria exchange genes using "fertility factors" ? | F-factor directs the cell to build a pilus, a kind of bacterial penis that blebs out from the bacterium's outer membrane to form a bridge w/ another bacterium and allow the passage of the entire plasmid, along w/ whatever bonus genetic material it may hld |
| What is a plasmid? | ringlet of bonus genes |
| Does a bacterial cell need a plasmid to grow and divide? | yes |
| In terms of antibiotic resistance what is the significance of Zinder's work with bacteriophage lambda? | Zinder infected colonies of drug-resistant Salm. and mixed them w/ uninfected/drug-susceptible strains in a petri dish which resulted in phages picking up resist. genes and depositing them, in working order, in the next round of bacteria they infected |
| What is the name of Zinder's process of gene exchange? | transduction |
| What antibiotics target peptidoglycan transpeptidases? | Penicillin G & V, methicillin, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbenicillin |
| What antibiotic targets peptidoglycan peptide subunits? | Vancomycin |
| Bacitracin | |
| What antibiotics target membranes? | polymyxin B & E |
| What aminoglycoside antibiotic targets 16S rRNA of 30S ribosome subunit? | streptomycin |
| Which macrolide antibiotics target peptidyl transferase site of 50S ribosome subunit? | erythromycin & azithromycin |
| Which tetracycline antibiotic targets the 30S ribosome subunit | doxycycline |
| Which antibiotic targets the 23S rRNA of 50S ribosome subunit | chloramphenicol |
| What rifamycin antibiotic targets the B-subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase | rifampin |
| What fluoroquinolone antibiotic targets gram-negative DNA gyrase or gram-positive topoisomerase IV? | ciprofloxacin |
| What antibiotic class group targets dihydropteroate synthetase (folic acid pathway) | sulfonamides |
| Which antibiotic targets dihydrofolate reductase (folic acid pathway) ? | trimethoprim |
| Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and other B-Lactam drugs all have …: | B- Lactam ring |
| Catalyzes formation of peptide cross bridges between adjacent PG layers; disrupt cell wall synthesis | transpeptidase |
| Only toxic to anaerobic microorganisms; binds DNA causing breaks in DNA (chromosome) | Metronidazole |
| Sulfonamides are called ______________: | sulfa drugs |
| Sulfonamides are structurally similar to substrate _______: | PABA |
| Target drug-resistant gram-positives | Daptomycin |
| Isoniazid inhibits _________ _______ synthesis: | mycolic acid |
| Ethambutol inhibits _________ required for synthesis of other cell wall components: | enzymes |
| Routinely used to determine susceptibility of bacterial strain to drugs by the pharmaceutical industry | Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion test |
| Penicillinase & Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase are all ________________ enzymes: | drug-inactivating |
| Pumps the drug back out of the target cell | efflux pumps |
| Uses energy; endergonic | anabolism |
| Makes energy; exergonic | catabolism |
| Energy available to do work | free energy |
| In this reaction, reactants have more free energy than products | exergonic |
| In this reaction, products have more free energy than reactants | endergonic |
| Series of chemical reactions that convert starting compound to end product | metabolic pathways |
| Speed up conversion of substrate into product by lowering activation energy | biological catalysts |
| Acceptor of free energy | ADP |
| Cells produce ATP by adding _____ to _____ using energy: | Pi to ADP |
| Energy released from ATP yields what two products? | ADP and Pi |
| Proton motive force is related to which cellular process that generates ATP? | oxidative phosphorylation |
| Exergonic reactions are related to which cellular process that generates ATP? | substrate-level phosphorylation |
| Which cellular process involves sunlight used to create proton motive force | photophosphorylation |
| This is the energy source that becomes oxidized | electron donor |
| This receives the electrons and becomes reduced | electron acceptor |
| Electrons are first transferred to electron carriers, which represent _____________: | reducing power |
| NAD+/NADH & FAD/FADH2 are all...: | electron carriers (acceptors) |
| Intermediates of catabolism that can be used in anabolism | precursor metabolites (carbon skeleton) |
| Biosynthesis represents which type of metabolism? | anabolism |
| Oxidation represents which type of metabolism? | catabolism |
| Transfers electrons from glucose to electron transport chain (ETS) | respiration |
| PMF harvested by ATP synthase to make ATP via ________________: | oxidative phosphorylation |
| If cells run out of oxidized electron carriers (NAD+), _____________ will stop and ___________ will take over | Glycolysis will stop & fermentation will take over |
| Uses pyruvate + enzymes to regenerate NAD+ | Fermentation |
| Once fermentation has regenerated NAD+, __________ can continue as a source of ATP for growth | glycolysis |
| Assist enzymes in becoming a specific shape | cofactors |
| Include magnesium, zinc, copper, and iron | Cofactors |
| Organic cofactors are : | coenzymes |
| ____________ inhibition involves binding to ALLOSTERIC site: | Noncompetitive |
| In _______ inhibition, regulatory molecule is usually the end product of the pathway: | feedback |
| ____________ inhibition involves binding to the ACTIVE site: | competitive |
| Blocks substrate from binding to active site of enzyme | concentration dependent |
| Sulfa drugs are an example of..: | concentration dependents |
| Completes the oxidation of glucose (CO2) | Krebs Cycle (TCA) |
| Set of membrane-embedded molecules that can be oxidized and reduced with electrons/protons: | electron transport chain |
| In anaerobic respiration, what are the terminal electron acceptors? | S0, SO42-, NO3- |
| Allows protons to flow down gradient (from outside of cell membrane to inside the cell) | ATP synthase |
| This lacks an electron transport chain so fermentation is its only option | streptococcus pneumoniae |
| These have the following metabolic steps: Glycolysis, Transition step, Krebs Cycle, and ETS to oxygen | Obligate aerobes |
| These have the following metabolic steps: Glycolysis, Transition step, Krebs Cycle, ETS to inorganic molecule other than oxygen or just Glycolysis & Fermentation | Obligate anaerobes |
| This oxygen class only involves Glycolysis & Fermentation | aerotolerant anaerobes |
| These digest starch | amylases |
| These digest cellulose | cellulases |
| Hydrolyzed by proteases; amino group deaminated | Proteins |
| These are produced by anaerobic resp. from inorganic molecules (sulfate, nitrate) serving as terminal electron acceptors | hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) |
Created by:
tparker31
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