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SJMS Earth Science
SJMS Earth Science Semester Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do you clean up broken glass? | Sweep it up using a brush and dust pan? |
| If something catches on fire in the lab, what is the first thing you should do? | Tell the teacher |
| If a fire drill takes place while you are doing lab work, what should you do? | Turn off the equipment before leaving the room. |
| How do you use a streak plate? | Place it flat on the table. |
| What is the first thing you should do if you spill something in the lab? | Tell the teacher. |
| Why is it unsafe to taste minerals? | They may to toxic (poisonous). |
| In addition to reclamation, how can we reduce the environmental impact of mining? | Recyle materials. |
| Why should you wash your hands after handling rocks and minerals? | They may be toxic (poisonous) |
| What are the 2 most common elements in the Earth’s crust? | Oxygen and silicon |
| Who is responsible for safety in the lab? | Each student. |
| What principle states that the same geological processes are occurring today as those in the past? | Principle of uniformitarianism |
| What is the theory of continental drift? | All of the continents were once connected, then they split apart. |
| Are the continents still moving today? | Yes |
| What did Alfred Wegener use as evidence to support his theory of continental drift? | Similiar plant and animal remains on different continents. |
| What two plates are associated with the San Andreas Fault? | Pacific and North America |
| What causes the plates to move? | Currents within the mantle. |
| What happens at transform boundaries? | Earthquakes |
| At what boundaries do plates crash into each other? | Convergent |
| At what boundaries do plates separate from each other? | Divergent |
| Where do plates slide past each other? | Transform boundaries |
| What part of the Earth is thought to be totally liquid? | Outer core |
| What was the ancient super continent? | Pangea |
| How did scientists first react to Alfred Wegener's theorgy? | They rejected it. |
| At what boundary does sea-floor spreading occur? | Divergent. |
| What is the innermost part of the Earth? | Core |
| What is the middle layer composed of heavy rock? | Mantle |
| Where do most earthquakes occur? | At the edges of the tectonic plates. |
| What motion causes a normal fault? | Divergent. |
| What is the minimum number of seismograph stations needed to locate an earthquake's epicenter? | 3 |
| What area of the U.S. is most prone to earthquakes? | West coast. |
| What would help prevent water and gas lines from breaking during an earthquake? | Flexible pipes. |
| In which direction do earthquake waves travel? | All directions. |
| What is the difference in intensity between a magnitude 8 and 9 earthquake? | 8 is 32 times less intense. |
| Why do earthquakes occur? | Built up friction is released? |
| What volcano has rounded, gentle slopes? | Shield volcanoes. |
| What can volcanic ash and dust in the atmosphere do to our weather? | Increase solar reflection and lower temperatures. |
| Describe Mount St. Helen's eruption? | Explosive with pyroclastic material. |
| What makes lava flow? | Low silica content |
| What are the two sides of a fault? | Footwall and haning wall. |
| What can scientists determine from the difference in arrival times between P and S waves? | Distance and epicenter |
| What volcano has steep sides and is explosive? | Cindercone |
| What forms if magma cools and solidifies underground? | An intrusion. |
| What is the bending of rocks due to forces within the Earth? | Folding |
| Which earthquake wave is the first to reach the seismic station? | P (primary) |
| What is the point of origin of an earthquake? | Focus |
| What is the magma that reaches the Earth's surface? | Lava |
| Which earthquake wave comes in second? | S (secondary) |
| What is the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus? | Epicenter |
| Which earthquake wave is the most destructive? | Surface |
| What process is rusting? | Oxidation |
| What process involves water freezing and widening cracks in rocks? | Ice wedging |
| What forms when underground water dissolves limestone? | Caves |
| Which soil horizon is the most important for plant growth? | Horizon A |
| What can farmers do to increase soil's fertility? | Plant legumes |
| What size grains are the most permeable? | Large |
| What term refers to moving rock and soil? | Erosion |
| What refers to rock's ability to allow water to pass through? | Permeability |
| What is the amount of material carried by a river called? | Load |
| What is the process that breaks down rock into smaller fragments? | Weathering |
| What is the downhill movement of rock due to gravity? | Mass movement |
| What percentage of the soil is organic? | 20% |
| What is the most important agent of erosion? | Water |
| What is made when waves deposit sediments? | Beaches |
| Does your elevation change if you ride your bicycle along a contour line? | No |
| What kind of reading is 37N? | Latitude |
| What do lines of latitude run parallel to? | Equator |
| What lists all map symbols and gives the meaning? | Legend |
| What do closely spaced contour lines indicate? | A steep slope |
| What does the Prime Meridian run through? | Greenwich, England |
| What imaginary lines run from pole to pole? | Longitude |
| What separates the Eastern and Western Hemispheres? | The Prime Meridian |
| What separates the Northern and Southern Hemispheres? | The Equator |
| Which Virginia province is known for its valuable fossil fuel? | Appalachian Plateau |
| Which Virginia province has the highest, most rugged elevation? | Blue Ridge |
| What does streak refer to? | True color |
| What climate would have rapid chemical weathering? | Warm and wet |
| What term refers to the mineral's appearance in reflected light? | Luster |
| Why is the streak test so helpful in mineral identification? | All samples of a specific mineral would have the same streak. |
| What is the softest mineral? | Talc |
| Which Virginia province has a large number of caves? | Valley and Ridge |
| What is a fracture? | Irregular break |
| What scale measures the mineral's hardness? | Mohl's |
| What is determined by the size, shape, and positions of the grains in a rock? | Texture |
| What holds the mineral grains in sandstone together? | Natural cement |
| What are layered metamorphic rock called? | Foliated |
| What rocks form from cooled lava or magma? | Igneous |
| What rocks are made from sediments that are glued together? | Sedimentary |
| What rocks are formed from other rocks that were exposed to extreme heat and pressure? | Metamorphic |
| When lava cools quickly it forms igneous rocks with what kind of texture? | A fine texture |
| How does plate movement help the metamorphic process? | Exerts pressure |
| What is determined by the type of crust the mineral comes from? | Color |
| What is the largest drainage basin in the U.S.? | Mississippi |
| What is another name for drainage basin? | Watershed |
| What happens to a river when it goes from a youthful to a mature stage | It meanders |
| What term refers to the time it takes for half the radioactive substance to decay | Half-life |
| What principle states that younger rock layers can be found above older layers? | Principle of superposition |
| What do we call the remains or traces of once-living organisms? | Fossils |
| What motion causes a reverse fault? | Convergent |
| Which waves originate at the focus? | P and S |
| What imaginary lines run horizontally around the Earth? | Latitude |
Created by:
ecrumrin
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