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Musculoskeletal 1400
chapters 66-69
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| determine if the disorder is inflammatory or noninflammatory | ESR and C-reactive proiein |
| ESR stands for | erythrocyte sedimantion rate |
| detects antibodies present with rheumatoid arthritis | RF (rheumatoid factor) |
| evaluates for anemia, infection or inflammation | CBC complete blood count |
| CBC stands for | complete blood count |
| May indicate bone tumor and healing fractures | elevated alkaline phosphatase level |
| may indicate Paget's disease (a disorder cheracterized by excessive bone destruction and disorganized repair) and metastatic cancer | elevated acid phosphatase level |
| may indicate osteomalacia (rickets)osteoporosis, and bone tumors | decreased serum calcium |
| may indicate bone tumors and healing fractures | increased serum phosphorus level |
| may indicate gout | elevated serum uric acid level |
| may indicate lupus erythematosus (a connective tissue disorder) | ANA elevated antinuclear antibody level |
| ANA stands for | elevated antinuclear antibody level |
| these are used to help to identify traumatic disorders such as fractures and dislocations, and other bone disorders such as malignant bone lesions, joint deformities, calcification, degenerative changes, osteoprosis and joint disease | Radiography, CT and MRI |
| Internal inspection of a joint using an instrument called an arthroscope is | Arthroscopy |
| Arthroscopy is most common used for | knee joints |
| Aspiration of synovial fluid | Arthrocentesis |
| May be done to alleviate discomfort caused by excessive accumulation in the joint space or to inject a drug such as a corticosteroid | Arthrocentesis |
| Radiographic exam of a joint (usually the shoulder or knee) with the use of a contrast medium. | Arthrogram |
| Estimates bone density | Bone Densitometry |
| Radiography of the wrist, hip or spine help to determine bone mineral density. | Bone Densitometry |
| Uses intravenous injection of a radio-nuclide to detect the uptake of the radioactive substance by the bone. | Bone Scan |
| Detects metastatic bone lesions, fractures, and certain types of inflammatory disorders. | Bone Scan |
| The radio-nuclide is taken up in areas of increased metabolism, which can occur in bone cancer, metastatic bone disease and osteomyelitis (bone infection). | Bone Scan |
| Test the electrical potential of the muscle and nerves leading to the muscle | Electromyography |
| It is done to differentiate muscle and nerve problems | Electromyography |
| detects levels of uric acid and calcium excretion | 24 hour urine |
| Synovial fluid is aspirated and examined to diagnose disorders such as traumatic arthritis, septic arthritis (caused by a micro-organism), gout, rheumatic fever, and systemic lupus erythematosis. | Synovial Fluid Analysis |
| Normal synovial fluid is | clear and nearly colorless |
| Blood cells, crystals, and formed debris may be present in the joint space after | an injury |
| Most common form of arthritis | Osteoarthritis |
| Osteoarthritis is sometimes called | Degenerative joint disease |
| The kind of arthritis that affects weight bearing joints is | Osteoarthritis |
| Degeneration of articular cartilage with hypertrophy of the underlying and adjacent bone. Bone surfaces rub together. Bone grows as bone spurs. Shock absorbing protection is gradually lost this is all characterized by | osteoarthritis |
| Risk factors of osteoarthritis are | older clients, previous join injury, obesity, decrease in bone density |
| assessment findings of osteoarthritis in the early stage is | early symptoms are breif joint stiffness and pain after a period of inactivity, pain usually increases with heavy use and is relieved by rest, later, even rest may not relieve pain |
| assessment findings of osteoarthritis in the later stage is | Later signs may include joint enlargement with increased limitation of movement. When it affects the hands, fingers, frequently develop bony nodules called Heberden's nodes and Bouchard's nodes. Crepitus may be heard and felt when the joint is moved. |
| bone being moved against another bone that makes a cracking sound is | crepitus |
| signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis | Pain along the affected joint, stiffness, limitation of movement, mild tenderness, swelling, deformity or enlargement of a joint. usually affects a single joint or only a few joints |
| Medical diagnosis of osteoarthritis is | Diagnosed by health history and radiography studies. plain X-rays may not show cartilage abnormalities, and arthroscopy or MRI may be necessary |
| Medical treatment of osteoarthritis is | The goal is to reduce the pain to a manageable level, maintain as much mobility as possible and minimize disability by using heat therapy, splints, canes, and weight loss. |
| Drugs used for osteoarthritis is | begins with Tylenol ans NSAIS's cox-2 inhibitors or low dose aspirin, Ex. Vioxx, Celebrex. |
| more drugs that can be used for osteoarthritis | Narcotics may be used if other methods are not controlling pain. Intra-articular injections of steroids three or four times a year can be beneficial, herbal supp, glucosamine and chondroitin have a lot of media attention but have not had research done. |
| Usually reserved for persons with severe disease who respond poorly to conventional treatment will use | surgical management |
| Total joint replacement is a | arthroplasty |
| surgery to remove cartilage debris is | arthroscopic |
| the most common areas for arthroplacty is the | hip and knee. although other joints-shoulder, ankle, wrist and finger joints - may also be replaced |
| After total joint replacement you should monitor for | circulation and sensation in the affected extremity use the 6 P's |
| the 6 P's are | Pain, Pallor, Parasthesia, Pulselessness, Poralysis, Poikilothermy |
| do they feel tingeling or sensation | parasthesia |
| do they have a pulse or not | pulselessness |
| do they feel pain | pain |
| do they have color | pallor |
| can they move the extrimity | poralysis |
| temperature feeling for cold or hot sopts on patient | poikilothermy |
| assess the patient's pain, describe its location, nature, and severity. They may have pain in other joints. notify surgeon if sudden, severe pain in the surgical area because | it may indicate prosthesis. Give patient pain medication 30 minutes to 1 hour before physical therapy |
| The affected leg must be kept in a position od abduction to prevent dislocation when they have a | hip replaced |
| after having a hip replaced you should instruct patient not to | cross legs of flex the hips more than 90 degrees, never cross legs when seated, avoid bending over when seated, and use a raised toilet seat |
| Continuous passive motion exercisers may be used goal is to flex the knee 90 degrees, promotes healing and flexibility in the knee and increases circulation to the operative area this is used in | knee replacements |
| Risk for infection occurs when wounds are not | kept dry and clean, you should monitor for temp elevations, monitor inscision for redness, sewlling, warmth, and foul drainage, later implanted hardware may provide a medium for bacteria to grow |
| Chronic, progressive inflammatory disease that is classified as an autoimmune diesase ans is a systemic disorder of connective tissue and joints characterized by remission and exacerbations, more common in females peak onset is 20 to 40 years is | Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| Considered to be an autoimmune disease | Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| Affects small joints early and large joints later it will be painful | Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| Onset is characterized by inflammation of synovial tissue | Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| Age related loss of bone mass without apparent underlying medical causes is called | Primary osteoporosis |
| is loss of bone to factors such as hyperthyroidism, long term steroids, or heparin is | secondary osteoporosis |
| Greatest risk for osteoporosis is | elderly wemon with small frames, white, fair skinned, and blond or red hair |
| signs and symptoms of osteoporosis is | back pain from fractures, fractures, loss of height due to vertebral compression, kyphosos or lordosis, poorly fitting dentures |
| assessment findings of osteoporosis is | frequently complain of lumbosacral pain, thoracic back pain, or both. may be the result of tiny compression fractures in the vertebrae, pathologic fractures in long bones |
| Measures bone mineral density is called | DEXA |
| measures heel density and provides baseline information for diagnosing osteoporosis and predicting risk of fractures | Quantative Ultrasound |
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