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Micro Chapters 7,8,9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bacterial Traits | -Shape -Cell Wall -Gram Stain -Structures |
| Inducible Enzymes | Genes that can be turned on |
| Constitutive Enzymes | Genes that always expressed constitutive genes/proteins/enzymes |
| Induction | Turn it on, response to need for an end product |
| Repression | -Usually response to overabundance of an end product, can be turned off -Decreases or stops the synthesis of that product-stops translation |
| Operon | Segment of DNA that encodes for a group of enzymes needed for a particular catabolic pathway |
| Lac Operon | Set of genes that control lactose catabolism in E. coli enzymes |
| Z | Beta galactose |
| Y | -Permease -Makes cell permeable for lactose |
| A | Not sure of function |
| Genes from upstream to downstream | P, O, Z, Y, A |
| How are Lactose and Glucose produced | When H2O and Beta galactose (Z) are added to Lactose, Lactose + Glucose is produced |
| Promoter | Where RNA binds and permease primes and promotes transcriptions |
| Operator | Stop/Go signal |
| Regulation Gene (I) | Encodes for a repressor protein |
| Constitutive Gene | Means it is always on |
| Z, Y, and A are _________ | Inducible |
| 2 Steps of Repression | 1. Repressor protein sits on Operator region of Lac Operon-binds to O region 2. RNA polymerase blocks from transcribing Lac Operon-polymerase cannot transcribe Z, Y, A (defaults to being turned off if lactose is not present) |
| 2 Steps of Induction | 1. Lactose binds to repressor protein to inactivate it 2. RNA polymerase binds to promoter because nothing is blocking it so Z, Y, and A are now transcribed-now we have lactose |
| Higher Variability= | Higher population |
| How do Prokaryotes prevent Uniformity? | -Mutations -Genetic Recombination |
| How do Eukaryotes prevent Uniformity? | Mate outside of family |
| Mutation | Changes in the base sequence of DNA |
| 2 Types of Mutations | -Point -Frameshift |
| Point Mutations | Single Base Replaced |
| Nonsense Mutations | Lead to premature stop (1st codon changed) codons that causes the protein to be shorter, so it will be a different protein |
| Missense Mutations | 2nd Letter of a codon changed and changes 1 amino acid, sometimes effects are really bad and sometimes okay |
| Frameshift | -Caused by insertion or deletion of a base -Shifts the entire reading frame of downstream bases -Has worse effects than point mutations |
| Mutagens | Anything causes a mutation |
| Frequency of mutation | Spontaneous Rate= 1 in a million |
| DNA ______ checks for mistakes | Polymerase |
| X-rays and Gamma Rays | -Destabilizes normal atoms and causes free radical damage and a chain reaction of instability -Causes single and double stranded breaks in the cellular DNA |
| UV Light | -Thymine Dimers (where two are side by side) -DNA can't properly be transcribed or replicated -Leads to a deletion and frameshift mutation |
| Recombination | Horizontal gene transfer |
| Transformation | -Happens in soil -Strep pnuemo: encapsulated and unencapsulated strains |
| Conjugation | -Must have cell to cell contact -Occurs via plasmid -Must be able to produce a pilus |
| Plasmids | -Toxin production -Attachment -R determinant |
| Transduction | From donor to recipient via a bacteriophage (injects virus into host) |
| 3 Types of Recombination | 1. Transformation 2.Conjugation 3. Transduction |
| Restriction Enzymes | -Naturally produced by bacteria -Looks for specific base sequences -Cuts DNA and leaves behind sticky ends -Makes recombinant DNA -Makes plasmids -Protects from bacteriophages |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | Taking pieces of DNA and copying/amplifying them |
| Electrophoresis | Gel transfer for flu |
Created by:
aleahgoodson
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