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HAP2_L8
Physiology of Pregnancy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina | inner female genitalia |
| secrete eostrogen and progesterone | ovaries |
| fallopian tubes | |
| uterus | |
| endometrium | innermost layer of uterus |
| myometrium | middle layer of uterus |
| perimetrium | outermost layer of uterus |
| passageway for delivery of newborn | vagina |
| slightly elevated estrogen and rising inhibin levels inhibit | FSH secretion |
| anterior pituitary gland releases | FSH and LH |
| starts ovum production | follicle stimulating hormone |
| produces estrogens | luteinizing hormone |
| act on mature vesicular follicle | estrogens |
| estrogen produces positive feedback in | anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus |
| positive feedback causes | LH surge |
| LH surges encourage | ovulated secondary oocyte to rupture from the follicle |
| hypothalamus secretes | Gonadotrophin releasing hormone |
| GnRH stimulates | anterior pituitary gland |
| increases progesterones, estrogens and inhibin | corpus luteum |
| follicular phase and luteal phase | ovarian cycle |
| menstrual phase, proliferative phase and secretory phase | uterine (menstrual) cycle |
| FSH stimulates primary follicle development, follicle and oocyte secrete estrogen and inhibin to prep endometrium and inhibit FSH so only 1 oocyte is released, LH stimulates ovulation. | follicular phase |
| corpus luteum releases estro, progesto & inhibin, further priming endometrium & inhibiting LH &FSH, causing corpus luteum degeneratation, then dcrs E and P & causing menses. | luteal phase |
| the endometrium detaches and passes with blood through the vagina (menstrual flow). | menstrual phase (1-5) |
| repair and development of the functional layer of the endometrium in response to estrogen rising levels. | proliferative phase (6-14) |
| increased vascularisation and mucus glands development in response to progesterone rising levels. | secretory phase (15-28) |
| Sperm transport and capacitation Acrosomal reaction and sperm penetration Block to polyspermy | occurs before fertilisation |
| helps penetrate the zona pellucida and corona radiata | acrosin |
| Bluish-purple cervix & vagina, due to increased vascularity. | Chadwick's Sign |
| Pigmentation of lower abdominal midline. | Linea nigra |
| Due to rising levels of estrogen and progesterone. | Breast enlargement |
| To accommodate growing fetus. Abdominal organs are pushed superiorly against the diaphragm, causing the ribs to flare. | Growth of uterus |
| Sway in back ( exaggerated lumber curve). The increased abdominal mass changes the women’s centre of gravity. | Lodosis |
| To accommodate abdominal enlargement. Occurs as pelvic ligaments and joints are loosened by the placental hormone relaxin. | Waddling gait |
| Tortious congested veins & leg swelling due to pressure on pelvic blood vessels. | Varicose veins |
| Nasal stuffiness, dyspnea, increase in tidal volume , decrease in residual volume. | Respiratory System Changes |
| Increase in blood volume and cardiac output. - Decrease in blood pressure in mid-pregnancy. | Cardiovascular System Changes |
| Morning sickness, heartburn, constipation. | Digestive System Changes |
| Increased GFR, frequent urination, stress incontinence. | Urinary System Changes |
| Estrogen &Progesterone on glucose & fat metabolism to stimulate breast maturation for lactation and promoting fetal growth | effects of Human placental Lactogen |
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