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Sociology Chapter 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social Institutions | Systems and structures that shape the activities of groups and individuals in society |
| Politics | The methods and tactics of managing a nation or state, as well as administering and controlling its internal and external affairs |
| Government | The formal, organized agency that exercises power and control in modern society, especially through the creation and enforcement of laws |
| Power | The ability to impose one's will on others |
| Authority | The non coercive, legitimate exercise of power |
| Authoritarianism | A system of government by and for a small number of elites that does not include representation of ordinary citizens |
| Dictatorship | Type of authoritarianism where the leader typically seizes power rather being elected |
| Totalitarianism | The most extreme and modern form of authoritarianism, in which the government seeks to control every aspect of citizens' lives |
| Monarchy | Government by a king or queen, with succession of rulers kept within the family |
| Absolute Monarchies | Typically have complete authority over their subjects |
| Constitutional Monarchies | Royal figures whose powers are defined by a political charter and limited by a parliament or other governing body |
| Democracy | Political System in which all citizens have the right to participate |
| Pluralism | System of political power where a wide variety of individuals and groups have equal access to resources and power |
| C. Wright Mills | Coined the term "power elite," a relatively small number of people who control the economic, political, and military institutions of a society |
| Special Interest Groups | Organizations that raise and spend money to influence elected officials or public opinion |
| Mass Media | Impacts politics |
| Opinion Leaders | High-profile people who interpret events and influence the public |
| Education | The process by which a society transmits knowledge, values, and expectations to its members so they can function in society |
| Hidden Curriculum | Describes the values and behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling because of the educational system's structure and teaching methods |
| The Pygmalion Effect | The idea that teachers' attitudes about their students unintentionally influence their academic performance |
| Savage Inequalities | Contends that because schools are funded by local property taxes, children in poor neighborhoods are trapped in poor schools, which reinforces inequality |
| Early College High Schools | Institutions that blend high school and college into a coherent educational program in which students earn both a high-school diploma and two years of college credit toward a bachelor's degree |
| Homeschooling | The education of children by their parents, at home |
| Distance Learning | Includes any educational course or program in which the teacher and students do not meet together in the classroom, a situation increasingly available over the internet |
| School Vouchers | Payments from the government to parents whose children attend failing public schools to help parents pay for private school tuition |
| Charter Schools | Public schools run by private entities to give parents greater control over their children's education |
| Religion | Includes any institutionalized system of shared beliefs and rituals |
| Beliefs | Propositions and ideas held on the basis of faith |
| Rituals | Practices based on those beliefs that identify a relationship between the sacred (holy, divine, or supernatural) and the profane (ordinary, mundane, or everyday) |
| Religiosity | The regular practice of religious beliefs, measured by church attendance |
| Extrinsic Religiosity | Refers to a person's public display of commitment to a religious faith |
| Intrinsic Religiosity | Refers to a person's inner religious life or personal relationship to the divine |
| Fundamentalists | Those who literally interpret texts and want to "return" to a time of greater religious purity |
| Unchurched | Those who consider themselves spiritual but not religious, and who often adopt aspects of various religious traditions |
Created by:
aleahgoodson
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