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PHS ES 5

Weathering, Soil and Mass Movement

QuestionAnswer
weathering The chemical and physical processes that break down rock at Earth's surface.
erosion The process by which water, ice, wind or gravity moves weathered rock and soil.
mechanical weathering The type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces.
abrasion The grinding away of rock by other rock particles carried in water, ice, or wind.
Frost wedging Process that splits rock when water seeps into cracks, then freezes and expands.
chemical weathering The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes.
permeable Characteristic of a material that is full of tiny, connected air spaces that water can seep through.
soil The loose, weathered material on Earth's surface in which plants can grow.
bedrock The solid layer of rock beneath the soil.
humus Dark-colored organic material in soil.
loam Rich, fertile soil that is made up of about equal parts of clay, sand, and silt.
soil horizon a layer of soil that differs in color and texture from the layers above or below it.
topsoil Mixture of humus, clay, and other minerals that forms the crumbly, topmost layer of soil.
subsoil The layer of soil beneath the topsoil that contains mostly clay and other minerals.
litter The loose layer of dead plant leaves and stems on the surface of the soil.
decomposers Soil organism that breaks down the remains of organisms and digests them.
soil profile a vertical section through a soil showing its succession of horizons and the underlying parent material.
pedalfer soil of humid regions characterized by the accumulation of iron oxides and alumnium rich clays in the B horizon.
soil conservation The management of soil to prevent its destruction.
contour plowing Plowing fields along the curves of a slope to prevent soil loss.
conservation plowing Soil conservation method in which the dead stalks from the previous year's crop are left in the ground to hold the soil in place.
pedocal soil associated with drier regions and characterized by an accumulation of calcium carbonate in the upper horizons.
sediment Earth materials deposited by erosion.
deposition Process in which sediment is laid down in new locations.
mass movement Any one of several processes by which gravity moves sediment downhill.
laterite a red, highly leached soil type found in the tropics that is rich in oxides of iron and aluminum.
exfoliation Type of weathering caused by reducing pressure on a rock surface, allowing slabs of outer rock to break off in layers.
talus an accumulation of rock debris at the base of a cliff.
regolith the layer of rock and mineral fragments that nearly everywhere covers Earth's surface.
Rock fall occurs when rocks or rock fragments fall freely through the air; common on steep slopes.
Rockslide occurs when a mass of rock slides rapidly downslope along planes of weakness.
slump movement of a mass of rock and soil, move down together as one, occurs on a curved surface.
mudflow rapid downhill movement of a mixture of water, rock and sand ￢ﾀﾓ consistency of wet concrete - often occur after heavy rains but like landslides can be triggered by earthquakes.
earthflow most destructive, rapid form of erosion ￢ﾀﾓ may not only move rock and sediments but trees, plants, roads, whatever is in the way.
creep very slow downhill movement of rock and soil (regolith). Only noticeable by looking at objects such as trees, telephone poles ￢ﾀﾓ all at a tilt.
Slides Rockslides occur when a block of bedrock suddenly slides down a flat, inclined surface
Created by: melaniebird
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