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PARASCI_L9
Renal Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| kidneys excrete excess hydrogen ions which may combine with phosphate or ammonia to form titratable acids in urine | acidaemia |
| kidneys excrete excess bicarbonate ions, usually with sodium ions | alkalaemia |
| systemic blood pressure rise due to stenosis of major renal arteries or from intrarenal atherosclerosis | renovascular hypertension |
| drugs that increase urine volume | diuretics |
| rapid failure of renal function in both kidneys | acute renal failure |
| hypoperfusion->hypoxic injury->decreased GFR &increased tubular reabsorption of Na+/H2O -> electrolyte imbalances and ketoacidosis | pre-renal failure |
| damage to filtering structures of kidney, inflammation irreversibly damages basement membrane, nephrotoxins accumulate in renal cortex | intra-renal failure |
| bilateral obstruction of urine outflow, cause may be in bladder, uterus or urethra | post-renal failure |
| tubular segment of nephron injured via ischaemic injury, tubular kidney cells suffer cellular suffer energy depletion, intracell. Ca2+ accumulation & damage to cell membranes | acute tubular necrosis |
| bilateral inflammation of glomeruli, typically following streptococcal infection | glomerulonephritis |
| abnormal dilation of renal pelvis & calyces of one or both kidneys, causing renal dysfunction | hydronephrosis |
| genetic disorder characterised by multiple bilateral grape-like clusters of fluid filled cysts that enlarge the kidney | polycystic kidney disease |
| urethra inflamed, red swollen, | urethritis |
| bladder wall inflamed, red, swollen, bladder becomes hyper reactive with reduced capacity | cystitis |
| sudden inflammation caused by bacterial infection involving one or both kidneys, extending from ureter to kidneys | Pyelonephritis |
| Form anywhere along the renal tract most commonly in renal pelvis or calyces when theres excessive relatively insoluble salts in urine filtrate | Renal Calculi/ Urolithias |
| Gradual irreversible destruction of the kidneys that may result from chronic kidney disease or systemic disorders, | Chronic renal failure |
| 60% nephrons lost, lowered GFR, No apparent clinical signs, remaining nephrons adapt and increase filtration | Decreased renal reserve stage |
| 75% nephrons lost, GFR down to 20%, retn of nitro wastes in blood, tubule fx dcrs, urine conc. & control failure, osmotic diuresis, cardio sys compensates | Insufficiency stage |
| >90% nephrons lost, GFR negligible, fluid, electr. & waste retention, oliguria/anuria, regular dialysis or kidney transplant required | End-stage renal failure (uremia) |
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