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Structure of airway.
Introduction to the respiratory system.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is respiration (in terms of airways)? | Providing oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide through inhalation and exhalation. |
| How is inhalation/inspiration achieved? | By increasing the size of the thorax. |
| How is the size of the thorax increased? | Contraction (and lowering) of the diaphragm and raising the ribs. |
| How does increasing the size of the thorax inspire air? | Creates a negative intra-thoracic pressure that sucks air through the conductive passages and down into the lungs. |
| What is included in the conductive passages? | Nasal cavity; nasopharynx; larynx; trachea and bronchi. |
| What must happen to the air before it enters the lungs? | It must be warmed, filtered and humidified. |
| What warms, filters and humidifies the air? | Vascular mucosa, cilia and mucus. |
| How is expiration achieved? | By decreasing the size of the thorax: generally a passive process. |
| What is the nose? | The external structure which anteriorly encloses the nasal cavities. |
| Through what can we enter into the nasal cavity? | Via the nares. |
| What holds the nasal cavity and the respiratory tract open? | Cartilage and bone. |
| Where are the nasal cavities found? | Above the oral cavity, between the two orbits, posterior to the nose and anterior to the nasopharynx. |
| What is the nasal cavity lined with? | A highly vascularised mucosal membrane lined with respiratory epithelium. |
| What cells make up the respiratory epithelium? | Pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar, interspersed with goblet cells (that secrete mucus). |
| What is the nasal septum? | A midline structure which separates the right and left nasal cavities. |
| What is the structure of the septum? | Anteriorly the septum is made of septal cartilage, while posteriorly the septum is made of bone. |
| What would happen if the septum deviated from the midline? | Sinus drainage may be compromised. |
| Where is the Olfactory epithelium positioned? | Restricted to the roof and adjacent lateral wall of the nasal cavity. |
| Where are the nasal conchae (turbinates) located? | On the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. |
| How many conchae are there and what are their names? | 3: superior, middle and inferior. |
| What is the function of the conchae? | They provide turbulence and increase the surface area for air flow and heat exchange. |
| Where is the meatus located? | Under/lateral to each concha. |
| Define meatus. | A passage or opening. |
| How do the sinuses and nasal cavity communicate? | Adjacent air sinuses open up into the meati. |
| What is the structure of the nasal cavity? | The cavity is divided by the midline septum, the turbinates project from the lateral wall and overhang the meati, into which the sinuses open. |
| Where are the orbits in relation to the nasal cavity? | Immediately lateral. |
| What is the structure of the maxillary sinus and how does this affect it? | The opening is high in its medial wall and clearance of mucus is dependent upon ciliary action. |
| What can cause sinusitis? | Infection of the maxillary sinus or a deviated septum. |
| What is one function of the sinuses? | Assist in warming incoming air. |
| What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct? | Enters the nasal cavity to drain tears from the conjunctiva of the eye. |
| What is an epistaxis? | A nose bleed. |
| Is the nasal mucosal membrane highly vascularised? | Yes. |
| What do the blood vessels in the nasal cavity do? | Anastamose between branches of the external carotids and internal carotids (L+R). |
| Where is the olfactory bulb and nerves located? | In the roof and upper parts of the lateral wall. |
| What is the function of the olfactory bulb and nerves? | For the sense of smell. |
| What is the pharynx? | A tube of fibrous and muscular tissue that can be divided into 3 parts. |
| What are the three parts of the pharynx? | The nasal cavity (nasopharynx), the oral cavity (oropharynx) and the larynx (laryngopharynx). |
| What is the function of the nasopharynx? | Transports air and is divided from the oropharynx by soft palate. |
| What is the oropharynx? | Transports air plus food and fluid. But these must be separate so air passes into the larynx while food and fluid continue into the laryngopharynx. |
| What is the larynx? | A membranous tube suspended between cartilages, the positions of which are controlled by muscles. |
| Why may laryngeal diameters be altered? | Allow the passage of air only and control airflow for speech and raising intra-abdominal pressure. |
| What can the cricothyroid membrane be used for? | Site of emergency access to the airway. |
| Where is the aryepiglottic fold? | At the upper edge of the quadrangular membrane. |
| Where is the vestibular fold? | Formed by the lower edge of the quadrangular membrane. |
| Where is the vocal fold? | The upper edge of the cricovocal/cricothyroid membrane. |
| What structures are based on the lamina? | Arytenoids and corniculates on top of them. |
| What are the different types of descending laryngeal cartilage? | Epiglottic (elastic), thyroid, arytenoid and cricoid. |
| What forms the laryngeal inlet? | Aryepiglottic folds. |
| What is the function of the laryngeal inlet? | It is the protective sphincter. |
| How is the inlet closed? | Elevation of the inlet (using muscles), which is lifted up and forward during swallowing. |
| Where are the mucosal glands situated? | Within the opening of the laryngeal ventricle is the saccule where the mucosal glands are found. |
| What is the function of the mucosal glands? | They help lubricate the vocal folds. |
| What do the vocal folds control laryngeal diameter for? | Speech, coughing, sneezing and raising the intra-abdominal pressure. |
| What allows the vocal folds to adjust the laryngeal diameter? | Muscles within and adjacent to the vocal folds narrow or widen the opening (rima glottidis), or alter their tension. |
| What are the main actions of the laryngeal muscles? | Close/open the inlet (ary-epiglottic folds). Close/open the rima glottidis (arytenoid gliding and rotation). Shorten/lengthen the vocal folds ("rocking" at cricothyroid joints). |
| What is the only muscle that opens the rima glottidis? | The posterior crico-arytenoid. |
| What is the function of the superior laryngeal nerve? | Supplies only 1 muscle in the larynx and sensation above the vocal cords. |
| What is the function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve? | Supplies all other muscles in the larynx, and sensation of vocal cords and below. |
| What may be at risk during thyroid surgery? | Laryngeal nerves. |
| Where is the trachea situated? | Anterior to oesophagus. Medial to carotid arteries and internal jugular veins. Inferior to larynx. Upper section is surrounded by the thyroid gland. |
| What does the trachea divide into? | The right and left main bronchi. |
Created by:
robertspedding
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