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PARASCI_L7
Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| liver, gallbladder, bile duct, kidney, transverse colon, ascending colon | RUQ |
| liver, stomach, diaphragm, spleen, kidney, duodenum, pancreas, pancreatic duct, descending colon | LUQ |
| cecum, veriform appendix, uterus, ovaries, | RLQ |
| small intestine, umbilicus, rectum, bladder anus | LLQ |
| liver, gallbladder, right kidney | right hypochondriac region |
| liver (tip), small intestines, ascending colon, right kidney | right lumbar region |
| small intestines, appendix, cecum and ascending colon | right iliac region |
| stomach, liver, pancreas, left and right kidneys | epigastric region |
| stomach, pancreas, small intestines, transverse colon | umbilical region |
| small intestines, sigmoid colon, bladder | hypogastric region |
| stomach, liver (tip), left kidney, spleen | left hypochondriac region |
| small intestines, descending colon, left kidney | left lumbar region |
| small intestines, descending colon, sigmoid colon | left iliac region |
| transient relaxation of weak sphincter causing backflow of gastric contents into oesophagus | gastroeosophagal reflux disease |
| mucosal injury to oesophagus and inflammation | reflux oesophagitis |
| hyperemia, oedema and erosion of luminal surface in throat | barett oesophagus |
| protrusion of stomach going through oespophagal hiatus of diaphragm | hiatus hernia |
| bell shaped protusion of stomach above the diaphragm | sliding/axial hiatus hernia |
| seperate portion of stomach enters thorax through widened opening | paraeosophageal/non-axial (rolling) hiatus hernia |
| occurs with portal hypertension and gradual obstruction of veinous flow in liver, subject to rupture causing haemorrhage | oesophageal varices |
| inflammation of gastric mucosa | gastritis |
| may be accompanied with emesis, pain, haemorrhage, ulceration, | acute gastritis |
| atrophy of stomach epithelium | chronic gastritis |
| ulcerative disorder of upper GI tract occuring with exposure to acid-pepsin secretions | peptic ulcer |
| an acute illness with primary manifestation of diarrhoea, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, fever & abdominal pain | gastroenteritis |
| variable combination of chronic and reccurent intestinal symptoms, including abdo pain, altered bowel function, flatulence, bloating, nausea, anorexia, constipation, diarrhoea, anxiety or depression. pain relieved with bowel movement. | irritable bowel syndrome |
| slow, progressive and recurrent inflammation of any section of GI tract, extending through layers of the intestinal wall. Causes fistula formations, leading to malabsorption, abdominal abcess and intestinal obstruction | Crohn's disease. |
| non-specific continuous inflammatory condition isolated to rectum and colon, lesions form in base of mucosal layer, inflammation causes pinpoint mucosal haemorrhages which may ulcerate and become necrotic | Ulcerative Colitis |
| single weakened pouch | diverticulum |
| multiple weakened pouches | diverticula |
| when pouches become inflamed or perforate | diverticulitis |
| condition commonly occuring in distal descending sigmoid colon where mucosal layer herniates through surrounding muscle, occuring anywhere from pharynx to anus | diverticular disease |
| diverticular present but asymptomatic | diverticulosis |
| inflamed diverticula, may cause fatal obstruction, haemorrhage or infection | diverticulitis |
| inflammation and obstruction where appendix becomes swollen, gangrenous and perforated if untreated, normally abrupt onset of pain localised in LRQ | appendicitis |
| inability of intestinal tract to allow regular passage of food and bowel contents, | bowel/intestinal obstruction |
| intrinsic or extrinsic factors, typically requires definitive intervention | mechanical obstruction |
| common, self limiting without surgery | adynamic ileus |
| inflammatory response of serous membrane, caused by bacterial invasion or chemical irritation, left untreated may cause toxamea, hypovolaemia and shock | peritonitis |
| end stage of chronic liver disease, much of functional liver replaced by fibrous scar tissue, epigastric/ RUQ dull aching, full pain. | cirrhosis |
| increased resistance of flow in portal veinous system & sustained portal vein pressure | portal hypertension |
| 80-90% of hepatic functional capacity must be lost in order to occur | liver failure |
| abnormalities in composition of bile, stasis of bile, & inflammation of gall bladder may result in stone formation | Cholelithiasis |
| 80% cholesterol, 20% calcium salts | gall stones |
| pass into common duct with symptoms of indigestion | <8mm stones |
| more likely to obstruct flow & cause jaundice, abrupt onset of pain in URQ and epigastric area, persisting 30min-5h | >8mm stones |
| diffuse inflammation of gallbladder, usually secondary to obstruction of gallbladder outlet | acute cholecystitis |
| occurs with repeat acute cholecystitis or chronic irritation of gallbladder with gallstones | chronic cholecystitis |
| inflammation of the pancreas by prematurely activated pancreatic enzymes (gall stones or alcohol abuse) | pancreatitis |
| fluid accumulation and swelling in pancreas | oedematous acute pancreatitis |
| cell death and tissue damage in pancreas | necrotic acute pancreatitis |
| persistent inflammation of pancreas causing irreversible change to pancreatic structure and funciton, protein precipitates calcify and block pancreatic duct-> pancreatic glands enlarge -> damage islet of langherhans -> diabetes mellitus | chronic pancreatitis |
| pathogen colonises the periurethral area and ascends through urethra towards bladder | UTI colonisation stage |
| fimbria allow bladder epithelial cell attachement and penetration, bacteria continue to replicate and may form biofilms | UTI uroepithelium penetration stage |
| bacteria ascend on ureter towards kidney, fimbria aid in ascension progress, bacterial toxins may inhibit peristalsis | UTI ascension stage |
| infection of renal parenchyma causes inflammatory response | UTI pyelonephritic stage |
| tubular obstruction and damage occurs in the kidneys, leading to interstitial oedema, and nephritis | UTI acute kidney injury stage |
| polycrystalline aggregation in calyces | renal caliculi |
| caused by stones 1-5mm in diameter that move into ureter and obstruct flow, causing pain in UQ radiating into LQ | renal colic pain |
| caused by stones producing distention of renal calcyes or renal pelvis, dull deep ache in flank, varying in intensity | non-colicky pain |
| characterised by diarrhoea, malena, haematemesis and coffe ground vomitus | abdominal haemorrhage |
| dark, tar-like bowel movement indicating high abdominal bleed | malena |
| frank blood in diarrhoea indicating | lower abdominal bleed |
| vomiting of bright red blood indicating bleed proximal to stomach | haematemesis |
| indicates lower GI bleed | coffee ground vomitus |
| implantation of embryo outside uterus, commonly in fallopian tubes, associated with endometriosis or IUD | ectopic pregnancy |
| term used to describe sudden, severe abdo pain likely to neccessitate surgery | acute abdomen |
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