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Geomorphology II
Test Two
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the perfect angles for avalanches? | 38 |
| Avalanches will rarely occur on slopes less than ___ or on slopes greater than ___. | 30; 45 |
| What is THE cause of all types of mass wasting? | Gravity |
| Mass wasting is NOT ____. | erosion |
| What is the most universal geomorphic process and why? | Mass Wasting; it occurs on Earth and on other planets; it would happen if humans existed or not. |
| The steeper the slope, the greater the _____. | Shear strength |
| What landform is most often the result from mass wasting? | Valleys |
| What is a main cause of mass wasting? | Oversteepening |
| What is a very important factor against mass wasting? | Safe cut slope angle |
| What is the angle of repose? | the steepest angle that a natural slope will have when composed of unconsolidated material |
| What is the angel of repose range for most material? | 33-37 |
| What is snow's angle of repose? | 38 |
| Why does snow have a steeper angle of repose than other material? | snow's particles are "extra angular" and bond |
| What can you do to material to make increase its cohesiveness? | add water |
| What happens if you add to much water to a material? | it flows |
| What is shear strength? | maximum strength of soil at which point significant yielding occurs |
| plastic limit | the amount of water required before material will deform under pressure |
| quick clays | solid soil which contains more than the liquid amount; liquefies when it is shaken |
| In what type of soils does Quick Clay occur in? | clays that were initially deposited in salt water |
| Liquification | solid soil which contains more than the liquid amount; liquefies when it is shaken |
| In what type of soils does Liquification occur in? | silts and fine sands |
| What are the two most common ways that Quick Sand kills? | 1) People panic and flounder, making them sink faster. 2)A thin film of water on top of the quick sand drowns. |
| How is a quick sand formed? | It's fed by an underground spring, which brings water to the surface and saturate the sand (which pushes the grains apart). |
| What are some things that can increase mass wasting? | Deforestation, earthquakes, saturated soils |
| What are the two questions that are asked about Mass Wasting? | 1) What moved? 2) How was it moved? |
| What can Mass Wasting move? | soil, rock, snow |
| What are some ways that matter moves in Mass Wasting? | slide, creep, flow, fall |
| Method of movement in Mass Wasting; so slow you don't see it happening, only the results. | Creep |
| Method of movement in Mass Wasting; virtually impossible to stop. | Creep |
| Method of movement in Mass Wasting; no plane of slippage, no distinct boundary of movement | Creep |
| Colluvium | material moved by soil creep; not sorted or stratified |
| How does a Creep occur? | particles are pushed up perpendicular during the freeze cycle and fall straight down dueto gravity during the thaw cycle |
| What is a talus cone? | debris accumulates at the base of a cliff, forming a cone against it |
| What is a talus apron? | a bunch of talus cones connected |
| What matter moves in a flow? | Soil, mud, debris; depending on the amount of water and material present |
| Lahar | earth flow caused by a volcano; ice and snow is melted by heat and saturate the ground, causing a flow |
| Soliflucture | creep in the arctic regions; ground folds, end over front |
| Slump | occurs when weight is added to top or when weight is taken from the bottom of a slope |
| Where, in the US, are avalanches most likely to occur? | Appalachian Mts, Central/Southern Rocky Mts, and the Pacific Coast |
| Avalanche Scar | physical mark on the land where the vegetation has been wiped out by mass wasting |
| The most important thing to do to avoid mass wasting: | Drain |
| an elevated plateau that's been partially dissected; rocks are igneous and metamorphic | New England Province |
| Grus | granite that grumbles in your hands |
| lawn | flat area on sides of mountains |
| altiplanation terrace | aka lawns; freeze/thaw breaks up rocks, and works back into mountains, creating a flat terrace |
| felsenmeer | area of strewn, broken rock caused by freeze/thaw effect; literally means Sea of Rocks |
| kame terrace | glacial landform; an elevated region of sand and gravel that was once a marginal stream bottom |
| highest place on the Eastern coast | Cadilac Mt |
| Cape Cod | partially a spit, partially a glacial moraine; hand is the spit, forearm is sand dunes, and the bicep is the glacial moraine |
| largest province | Central Lowlands |
| what caused/causes Niagara Falls? | the river goes over the cuesta; not due to a fault |
| dolomite | limestone with magnesium |
| What feeds Niagara Falls? | Lake Tonawanda |
| What percentage of Earth's land surface is covered by glaciers? | 10% |
| What is the maximum percentage of Earth's land surface that's been covered by glaciers? | 30% |
| How many Ice Ages have there been? | At least 4 |
| area of no glaciation; completely surrounded by glaciers; higher than its surroundings | Driftless Area |
| BC | Before Christ |
| AD | Anno Domini |
| BP | Before Present (1950) |
| YA | Years Ago |
| KA | Thousand Years Ago |
| MA | Million Years Ago |
| BCE | Before Current Era |
| CIRCA | Around or About |
| Pack Ice | frozen sea water |
| Are ice bergs fresh or sea water? | They can be either |
| Firn | when a snowflake melts into itself and becomes just a granular and then recrystallizes due to presure into a solid sheet of ice |
| What color is glacial ice? | blue |
| nunatak | mountains that stick up above the glaciers |
| sublimation | when solid water vaporizes, passing the liquid phase entirely |
| surge | a period when glaciers suddenly move quicker; occurs when melt water gets down to the bottom and lubricates the base of a glacier |
| pressure melting point | the greater the pressure, the lower the melting point |
| dry-based; have no liquid water | polar glaciers |
| do not erode bedrock; geothermal heat can move through | polar glaciers |
| wet-based; can have liquid water in them | temperate glaciers |
| do erode bedrock; geothermal heat cannot move through | temperate glaciers |
| caveat for glaciers? | most glaciers are not wholly polar or temperate |
| abrasion | removal of material by the force of friction |
| striations | scratches or grooves left in bedrock by abrasion |
| rock flour | the "sawdust" of rocks left over after abrasion occurs |
| crescentric gouges | aka lunate fractures; ice hits bedrock, gouging out crescent-shaped marks |
| chatter marks | rock "bounces" alon the bedrock, pulled by the glacier, making dashed gouges |
| moraine | any glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris; marks the former edge of the ice; height and width vary; |
| push moraine | ice front acts as a bull-dozer, pushing matter into a pile then melts away, leaving the moraine |
| still stand | glacier is melting away at the same rate that it is moving forward; ice front remains in the same place |
| outwash plain | area located in front of a moraine, where glacial runoff has spread |
| till plain | area behind the moraine, where a glacier used to be; relatively flat |
| terminal moraine | the farthest moraine, showing how far the glacier got |
| End Moraine | all moraines that come after the terminal moraine |
| interlobate moraines | moraines located between lobes |
| drumlins | linear, elongated, streamlined glacier features that form beneath the ice; usually asymmetrical |
| what are drumlins composed of? | glacial till; some have glacial fluvial sediments |
| polygenetic | "many creations;" can be created in multiple ways |
| esker | ridges of sediment that were deposited by running water that ran through glaciers; water dried up, leaving sediment |
| kame | hill of sand and gravel; sediment gathered in a pit in a glacier |
| What are the three centers where the glaciers started from in North America? | Cordilleran Center; Keewatin Center; Labrador Center |
| What are the drift borders from oldest to youngest? | Nebraskan - Kansan - Illinoian - Wisconsin |
| loess | wind-blown silt |
| What causes loess in the US? | glacial deposits and flooding of the Mississippi River |
| What causes loess in China? | wind coming off of the desert |
| Palous | region of the northwestern United States, including Washington state; major area of loess |
| Glacial Isostasy | the process of glaciers depressing land and then rebounding once the glaciers have melted away |
| What reveals glacial isostasy? | shore lines |
| karst | characterized by underground drainage in limestone areas and by the formation of surface depressions |
| In true, or well developed karst, what is lacking? | water on the surface |
| Is subsurface drainage a result or a cause of karst topography? | result |
| Where is karst best developed? | humid areas with dense, strong limestone and closely spaced joints/bedding planes |
| What are the two main areas of karst in the United States? | Florida & Kentucky/Southern Indiana |
| What is another term for sink? | doline |
| How is a doline (sink) formed? | limestone is dissolved slowly and the ground on top either slowly sinks into the hole or the roof caves in |
| cockpit country | dolines intersect, forming steep-sided hollows which are separated by conical hills and ridges |
| What can a swallow hole can also be called? | Ponor |
| Swallow Hole/Ponor | spot where the river goes underground |
| Uvala | broad-bottomed low lands where intersecting dolines have formed a linear formation |
| tower karst | variety of karst landscape, dominated by steep or vertical sided limestone towers or cones |
| What are pepino hills sometimes called? | haystack hills |
| Pepino Hills/Haystack Hills |
Created by:
stoniertk28
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