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Animal Behavior 2
Quiz 2 Animal Behavior USD Fall 2018 Dr. Andrea Liebl
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are selection studies? | the use of lab animals and selective breeding |
| What are knockout studies? | the use of lab animals and then selectively turn off specific genes |
| What are gene expression studies? | any animals and then compare gene expression between individuals |
| What is the current environment? | now |
| What is the past environment? | anything ever |
| Past environments are ______ to determine. | hard |
| How can you get around past periods environments being hard to determine? | by looking at developmental periods and sensitive periods |
| What portion of life is the developmental period? | 1-2% |
| What is the predictive power of the environment? | environment can help you predict things like lifespan of an individual and variability of the environment |
| What are the two types of behavioral change? | perminant change and nonperminant change |
| What is another way to say nonperminant change? | plastic/flexible change |
| Give four examples of how the current environment could control behavior. | predator->fight or flight resources->agression mate->showy,singing weather->seek shelter temperature->incubation,shelter,shivering |
| how can the developmental environment control/influence behavior? | temp->resource needs,feeding behavior,incubation time resources->size, feeding behavior, memory capacity, immune system, aggression Predators->stress response, parenting style, mating |
| What influences locust's swarm? | density and concentration of the individuals |
| What is an example of of how the developmental environment influences damsel flies? | the amount of fat in the egg influences aggression and breeding |
| What is an example of how the developmental environment influences daphnia? | when they are exposed to predators young they tend to be more aggressive and vigilant |
| What is an example of how the developmental environment influences honey bees? | royal jelly early in life influences aggression, mating and size of the individual |
| What is an example of how the developmental environment influences reptiles? | sex differentiation in some species is determined by temperature |
| What is an example of how the developmental environment influences rodents? | When they are licked and groomed as adolescence they are more likely to have more maturnal care when they are parents |
| What is the mechanisms for the environmental control of behavior in rodents? | With the individuals who are groomed, the glucocorticoid receptors stay on, but in individuals who aren't groomed, methylation blocks the gene for glucocorticoid receptors. |
| Is the developmetal influence of grooming on rodents good or bad? | it is neither good nor bad, it dependson the environment the individual finds itself in |
| What is nature component of nature vs nurture? | genetics |
| What is the nurture component of nature vs nurture? | the environmental factors |
| What is more important, nature or nurture? | both are needed to understand behavior |
| What controls behavior? | genetics creates behavior and the environment shapes it |
| What is behavioral endocrinology? | scientific study of the interaction between hormones and behavior |
| What is a hormone? | organic chemical messenger that can be made by the body |
| Where are hormones produced and released? | by specialized cells to induce a response (behavior) |
| What are the systems that produce hormones? | thyroid/parathyroid, adrenal galnds, pancreas, ovaries, testes |
| Release and role of oxytocin: | releasesd by brain and impacts social interaction, and parental behavior |
| release and role of vasopressin | released by the brain and influences water seeking and parental behavior |
| release and role of glucocorticoid | released by adrenal galnd and influences fight or flight, vigilence, memory |
| release and role of growth hormone | released by brain and influences dominance, pray seeking, molting/metamorphasis |
| release and role of prolactin | released in brain and influences parental care |
| release and role of estradiol | release everywhere and influences reward behaviors and mating |
| release and role of ghrelin | released in stomach influences food seeking |
| release and role of adrenaline | released in adrenal gland and influences fight and flight, agression, dispersal, fleeing |
| release and role of progesterone | female reproductive and adrenal galnd influences mating, parental care |
| release and role of letin | released in fat and influenced by eating and movemenet |
| release and role of melatonin | released in brain influences sleeping and seasonality |
| what is the comparative experimental method? | measures hormone then measures behavior and compares |
| What is the experimental method? | remove the hormone, test behavior, reintroduce hormone and test behavior |
| What is the ElISA and what is it used for? | it is used to measure hormones. There are antibodies on this plate that are very specific and only bind to 1 thing. So you put your sample in the wells. You also have a second set of antibodies that will glow and then you measure hte glow and compare |
| Why can't we only focus on hormone levels? | there's so many other things such as receptors that change among an individual and change over time. there is also negative feedback systems |
| What makes up the nervous system? | the brain, ganglia spinal cord+ nerves |
| What does the nervous system do? | it recognizes stimuli and the nsends signals to the body through motor controls or hormones |
| Is hte nervous system a proximate or ultimate cause of behavior? | proximate mechanisms because it is an immediate change |
| How do brains vary? | size, shape, pieces, orientations |
| What does the hypothalamus do? | hormone control |
| What does the medulla do? | controls basil bodily functions |
| What does the cortex do? | reward center |
| what does the hippocampus control? | memory |
| what does the amygdala do? | fear/agression |
| What is the command center hypothesis? | certain areas of the nervous system control different facets and only one can work at once. He determined this by studying mantis and the segmented ganglia |
| What is learning? | the aquisition of knowledge through experience, observation, or being taught |
| who can you learn by? | anyone aroung you (conspecific or not), yourself, an individual that has some investment in you |
| What are three learning types | trial and error, observation, taught |
| What is trail and error | type of learning generally learned for self |
| what is observation/imitation | watching someone else |
| what is being taught | someone with an investment |
| what are pros for trial and error | might not be anyone around, no external cost, may trust yourself more |
| what are cons for trial and error | dangerous, time consuming, waste resources, energetically expensive |
| what are pros for observation/imitation | safer, saves time, known outcome, starting place |
| what are cons of observation/imitation | available example, may learn wrong, may waste time, need to understand behavior, may not realize consequences when wrong |
| what are the pros of being taught | know/understand behavior/trusted teacher/safer and saves time |
| what are te cons of being taught | time consume to teacher and waste of time/resources |
| What are some roximate methods of learning? | method(availability of teachers), reward of behavior (mate,food,life), Brain size (resources) Genetics (ZENK in birds) |
| What are some ultimate influences of learning? | influence survival by foraging, attracting mates, what your predators are, territory boundaries |
| What is imprinting? | most basic form of learning |
| What is the bluetit great tit learning by observation results? | foraging behavior wasa dependent more on who their behavioral parent was than genetics. and the effect was stronger for the great tits |
| What is memory? | stored learned behavior |
| What are the three parts of teaching: | 1. knowledgeable individual modifies its own behavior in the presence of a naive individual 2. knowledgeable individual incurs some cost by modifying its behavior. 3. naive individual learns as a results of knkowledgeable individual's behavior |
| teaching and evolution: | learning is absolutely critical to survival, opportunity for observation is lacking, ineffective, or costly, and teachersderive some benefits from teaching others |
| What is culture? | learned information is passed from one individual to another |
| how does culture differ from teaching? | culture is generational and doenst have to have a purposeful change/costly change in behavior |
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kenzigustafson
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