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evol. psy 307Slide3
the modern synthesis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Clarifications of evolutionary theory | inclusive fitness, adaptations, genetic drift |
| modern synthesis of evolutionary theory and genetics | heritability, variability |
| Mendelian Genetics Proposed | particulate inheritance |
| genes, the unit of heredity | genotype, phenotype |
| each person has two copies | of a set of genes |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| sugar (deoxyribose) is DNA's | backbone |
| nucleotide side chains | C, G, A, T |
| main DNA actions | regulate the function of genes, build proteins from amino acids |
| sequence of 3 base pairs | codon |
| Codon produces protein by specifying which | amino acid should be put next in protein being built |
| Proteins yield | Enzymes or structural proteins |
| altered cell activity yields | traits |
| each molecule of DNA forms | a complex with some proteins called a chromosome |
| each species has | a characteristic number of chromosomes |
| humans have | 23 pairs (diploid) |
| organisms have thousands of genes | roundworm – 19000, mouse – 25000, fruit fly – 13000, rice – 46000 |
| Meiosis generates gametes that contain | one copy of each chromosome |
| Offspring are created when | one gamete is “fertilized” by the opposite sex gamete creating a zygote |
| a zygote is the | blending of two gametes giving two copies of each gene |
| Meiosis generates | gametes that contain one copy of each gene |
| Genes can exist in various “forms” | called alleles |
| Different alleles yield | different phenotypes (traits) |
| polymorphic | gene has several possible alleles |
| evolution selects for | alleles or spontaneously arising gene variants (mutations) |
| selected alleles | are associated with greater differential reproductive success of individuals that carry them |
| Sources of variation | Sexual reproduction: recombination, meiotic errors |
| Mutation | meiositic errors involve only inheritable germ cells |
| Penetrance | the extent to which a particular gene or set of genes is expressed in the phenotypes of individuals carrying it, measured by the proportion of carriers showing the characteristic phenotype. |
| sex-linked genes | on X chromosome will be apparent in different frequencies in males and females |
| not sex chromosomes | autosomal chromosomes |
| sex-limited genes | have an effect on one-sex but not the other |
| sex-linked and sex-limited genes | can account for systematic differences in traits expressed by males vs females |
| Mendel's pea experiments disproved | blending hypothesis |
| gene actions | regulate cell activity, control other genes |
| cell's biochemical reaction controlled | by proteins |
| structural proteins controll | cell shape (holes, shape) |
| normally DNA is bound up in | chromosomes for safety and permanence |
| human genes number about | 2000 to 2500 |
| homozygous | has two of the same genes (ex. XX) |
| heterozygous | two genes are different (XY) |
| evolution selects | alleles or spontaneously arising gene variants (mutations) that have greater reproductive success |
| male gamete determines | gender |
| male X chromosome recessive gene | becomes dominant (color blindness) |
| sex linked and limited genes account for | sex differences |
| classical fitness (CF) | the net impact of an individual's traits on that individual's capacity for reproductive success |
| probability of two organisms having the same alleles is | the degree of genetic relatedness |
| evolution operates at the level of | genes |
| enhanced CF is | selected for |
| decreased CF is | selected against |
| Mitosis is more common than | meiosis |
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james22222222
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