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Hoefnagels Biology

Chapters 4-6

QuestionAnswer
What is energy? What an organism needs to do work.
What is potential energy? Energy that is stored and available to do work.
What is kinetic energy? The energy of motion.
1st Law of Thermodynamics Energy is neither created or destroyed.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics Free energy available to do work decreases.
What is entropy? A tendency toward randomness.
What is an enzyme? A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed.
How does an enzyme work? It lowers the activation energy required of a reaction.
What is a substrate? A reactant that an enzyme will interact with.
Active site specific region in an enzyme's molecule that will interact with a substrate
cofactor substance that must be present for an enzyme to speed up a reaction
competitive inhibition product of the reaction binds to the enzyme's active site, preventing it from binding substrate
noncompetitive inhibition product molecules bind to the enzyme at a site other than the active site, but in a way that alters the shape of the enzyme so that it can no longer bind substrate
positive feedback a product activates the pathway leading to its own production
negative feedback an excess of a reaction's product inhibits the enzyme that controls its formulation
endergonic reactions reactions that require energy
exergonic reactions reacions that release energy
metabolism all chemical reactions in cells
anabolic reactions regarding the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units
catabolic reactions regards the set of metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy
photosynthesis biochemical reactions that enable plants to harness sunlight energy to manufacture organic molecules
cellular respiration process by which organic molecules (glucose) are broken down and the energy is converted to yield ATP
ATP adenosine triphosphate: adenine plus a ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups
what ATP does carries energy that organism needs by losing its phosphate groups
ADP? ATP minus one phosphate group
phosphorylation when ATP gives up a phosphate group and it is added to another molecule
what are the two stages to photosynthesis? light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions
explain the process of light reactions pigments in leaves absorb sunlight energy causing electrons to leave pigments and enter electron transport system. water is split, forming ATP and NADPH, and oxygen is released to the atmosphere. electrons are replaced in pigments.
where do light reactions take place? thykaloid membranes
reactants in light reactions hydrogen ions (from the sun), water
products of light reactions ATP and NADPH
calvin cycle? light-independent reactions
location of calvin cycle? stroma
reactants in calvin cycle? ATP and NADPH (from light reactions), and CO2 from the environment
product of calvin cycle? PGAL/G3P (basically what becomes glucose)
energy source for calvin cycle? does not require one
herbicides vs photosynthesis? electrons are given to Oxygen atoms which then attack the thylakoids
photosynthesis vs cellular respiration? photosynthesis: plants use the sun's energy as light to transform CO2 and water into glucose. respiration: glucose is ultimately broken down to yield carbon dioxide and water, and the energy from this process is stored as ATP molecules
cellular respiration equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
three steps of cellular respiration glycolysis, kreb's cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
glycolysis occurs in cytoplasm, glucose converted to 2 pyruvates
kreb's cycle occurs in mitochondria, pyruvate is converted to CO2 and H2O
oxidation phosphorylation occurs in mitochondria, ATP produced through chemiosmosis
fermentation It occurs in the muscles of animals when they need energy faster than the blood can supply oxygen
Created by: graphemecolor
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