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Biology 101 test 2
kirsten mcneese
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the baseline in a membrane structure? | phospholipid bilayer |
| membrane structure contains three things... | protiens, carbs, colesteral |
| membrane structures are amphipathic, meaning? | it has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |
| what is the picture of a cell membrane called | mosaic model |
| how to phospholipids move? | latterally |
| a mosaic has what kind of protiens | intergral- span entire membrane, transporters peripheral- carbs- remeptors and structural support |
| 2 types of transport accross the membrane | passive- no energy active- needs energy to move ATP |
| two types of passive | diffusion- movement of the molecules from high to low osmosis- diffusion of water |
| what is solvent and solute | solvent is like water solute is like salt |
| three types of solutions | hypertonic- more solutes hypotonic- less solutes isotonic- same amount of solutes |
| selective permiability | chooses what comes in and out of the cell membrane |
| osmoregulation | control of water balance |
| active transprt | requires energy to move ATP |
| endocytosis | movement into a cell |
| three types of endocytosis | phagocytosis- takes in large food particles or whole cells pinocytosis- takes proteins and polypeptides receptor- mediated endocytocys |
| exocytosis | shit gets kicked out of the cell |
| junctional complexes | how cells are attached and signal one another |
| what are three types of junctional complexes | desmosomes- holds two cells together and fluid is able to pass between cells tight junctions- cells are super glued together and no fluid gets through gap junctions- pre or tunnel btween two cells for signaling |
| junctional complex in plant cells | plasmademata- bind two plant cells via their plasma membranes in a small hole in a cell wall. |
| contains most of the DNA in eukaryotic cells | nucleus |
| nuclear envelope | has a double membrane |
| envelope contains... | pores-holes in a nucleus made of an octet |
| nuclear lamina | found in the nucleus and controls what goes in and out of nucleus. |
| what two things are in chromatin | DNA and protein |
| Eurchromatin | loosely packed- open for synthesis of RNA |
| heterochromatin | very packed/dense- for movement of chromsomes during mitosis and meosis |
| DNA is organized around... | histone protiens |
| 5 types of histone proteins | h2a, h2b, h3, h4, h1 |
| all the histone proteins are knone as the | nucleosome core particle |
| nucleolus | stain darker than the rest of the nucleus |
| ribosomes are found in... | cytoplasim |
| ribosomes are organelles responible for... | protein synthesis. |
| what does ER stand for, and what is attached to it sometimes? | endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomes |
| what determines if the rebosome is free or attateched to the ER? | signal sequence |
| signal sequence is... | first 20 amino acids of the protein |
| how does the signal sequence work? | in there are 20 amino acids, the ribosome attaches to the ER and drops off the new protein there |
| two times of ribosomes | large, small |
| large ribosomes are found where | cytoplasim |
| what vesicle that is smaller than lysomes but have similar functions? | microbodies |
| what is mitochondria found in? | plants and animals |
| mitochondria in animals is what? | cellular respiration |
| mitochondria in plants is what? | photosynthesis |
| plant cells have both... and ... | mitochondria and photsynthesis |
| mitochondria is ..... enclosed | double membrane |
| mitochondria is ..... filled | fluid |
| cristae is when the membrane is... | folded |
| enzyme present in inner membrane (cristae) and responsible for ATP production | ATP synthasis |
| longer for more surface area | inner membrane |
| specialized member of a plant family organells also known as plastids | chloroplast |
| not all plants have.... | chloroplast |
| what give plants their pigment? | chloroplast |
| where does photosynthesis take place? | chloroplast |
| a network of fivers extending through the cytoplasim of a cell | cytoskeleton |
| three componets of a cytoskeleton | microfilaments - (smallest) made of ACTIN - involved in cell division Intermediate filaments - (medium) made of KERATIN and involved in cell shape, anchorage and nuclear lamina microtubules - (largest) made of tubulin, involved in organelle movement |
| organelles for locomotion (movement) involve.... | Flagella- longer than cilia cilia- respiratory |
| flagella and cilia have same.... | internal structure |
| protein responsible for flagella and cillia movement | dyhein |
| why would you want to have double DNA assist goes throu spha | bc it will split into two different ones |
| division of the nucleus is... | mitosis |
| division of the cytoplasm | cytokinesis |
| all of cycless except mitosis proper, DNA is euchromatic- loose | interphase |
| first stage of mitosis where vesiculation occurs, forms vesicles | prophase. |
| stages of mitosis in order | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telephase |
| where microtubules attach to the dinetochore of the centromere of each chromosome | metaphase |
| sister chromatids are pulled to opposite parts of the cell. when they are separeted they are reffered to... | anaphase, and chromosomes |
| movement of chromosomes have stoped and chromatin decondences | telophase |
| how does cytokinesis work in animal cells? | belt of microfilaments form where the metaphase plate was and the belt pinches the daughter cells both identical |
| how does cytokinesis work in plant cells | visicles from golgi fuse across cell and vesicles dump components and form new cell walls. |
| what is the controll of cell division and the regulation of the cell cycle? | mitotic clock |
| what does CDKS stand for and what is it? | cyclin dependent kineses- enzyme that binds with cyclin to become function to controll the cell cycle |
| proteins that fluctuate during the cell cycle | cyclins |
| DNA isn't organized around the histone | prokaryote |
| very little protein associated with the DNA | prokaryote |
| no nuclear envelope | prokaryote |
| almost no membrane-bound organelles | prokaryotes |
| have free ribosomes not connected to ER | prokaryote |
| half the prokaryote has ..... | flagella |
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