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NervousSystemPt1a

NervousSystem_Part1a

QuestionAnswer
What is a neuronal circuit? 1. The arrangement of neurons in the nervous system 2. There is plasticity to neuronal circuits
What does plasticity to neuron circuits mean? The neuron circuit can form new synapses, alter networks
The design of the neural circuit determines... 1. level of divergence or convergence (spread or shrinkage of information) 2. speed 3. if a circuit will be autorhythmic
What are some examples of autorhythmic neuronal circuits? heartbeat, respiration pattern
What are the types of circuits in a neuronal circuit? 1. serial 2. parallel 3. converging 4. diverging 5. parallel after discharge 6. reverberating (oscillating)
What is a parallel circuit? Contains a number of neurons in series, with each neuron supplying a branch to the final neuron
What is a serial circuit? Simple circuit from Point A to Point B
What is a converging circuit? A circuit in which several neurons intersecting at one neuron
What is a diverging circuit? Involves an action potential of one neuron traveling across a successively grater and greater number of neurons
What is a parallel after discharge circuit? Diverging circuits that turn into converging circuits (the action potential diverges across several neurons then converges upon a neuron)
What is a reverberating (oscillating circuit)? A circuit in which each neuron in a series sends a branch back to the beginning neuron, so that a volley of impulses is received at the final neuron. This type is associated with rhythmic activities and the volley continues until the synapse fatigues
What are reflexes? Automatic, not under conscious, quick, predictable
What are the types of reflexes? 1. monosynaptic 2. polysynaptic 3. contralateral - opposite side to stimulus 4. bilateral - same side as stimulus 5. ipsilateral - both sides regardless of where stimulus occurred
What is a monosynaptic reflex? When a reflex arc consists of only three neurons in an animal (one sensory neuron, one relay neuron and one motor neuron). Monosynaptic refers to the presence of a single chemical synapse.
What is a polysynaptic reflex? One or more interneurons connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals. All but the most simple reflexes are polysynaptic, allowing processing or inhibition of polysynaptic reflexes within the spinal cord.
How is reflex associated with physiology? 1. process w/o bothering cerebral cortex 2. Protection (reaction w/o thinking)
What are some examples of the importance of reflexes? 1. overinflating lungs 2. passing food to small intestine 3. regulating high blood pressure
What two functional groups is the CNS divided into? 1. brain 2. spinal cord
What goes on in the brain & spinal cord in the CNS? 1. sensory aspect 2. integrative aspect 3. motor aspect
The brain's neuronal circuits are organized into what? 1. Gray matter 2. White matter
What is GRAY MATTER always associated with? INTEGRATION
What is WHITE MATTER always associated with? PATHWAYS
What does the GRAY MATTER of the brain consist of? 1. non-myelinated axon terminals 2. dendrites 3. cell bodies
What are the functions of GRAY matter in the CNS? 1. signal processing (integration) 2. neurocrine/neurohormone secretion
What does the WHITE MATTER of the brain consist of? MYELINATED AXONS
What are the functions of WHITE MATTER in the CNS? 1. ascending (afferent/sensory) & descending (efferent/motor) (Spinal Cord) 2. Commissural, association, projection (Brain)
What are commissural fibers? These are connections between the two cerebral hemispheres. The CORPUS CALLOSUM is the largest link between the cerebral hemispheres
What are association fibers? These are tracts linking one area of the cerebral cortex to another within the same hemisphere
What are projection fibers? 1. Tracts linking 1 area of cerebral cortex to lower structure. 2. Afferent tracts - run upwards from the projection nuclei of the thalamus. 3. Efferent tracts - run downwards in 1 of 2 separate systems, the pyramidal & extrapyramidal tract
Created by: lophung
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