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Soil/Reclamation
Upland and Wetland Reclamation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is reclamation? | Improving disturbed land to a capability equal to the predisturbed condition. |
| What is restoration? | Manipulating the ecosystem to achieve something similar to predisturbance conditions. |
| What does SAGD stand for? | Steam assisted gravity drain |
| What is the objective of the Alberta Wetland Classification system? | To provide a consistent system that can be applied to legislation and GIS |
| Differentiate between a peat land and a mineral wetland. | Peat lands have at least 40 cm of decomposed peat. |
| What is a folisol? | An upland peat development |
| What are the two classes of peat land? | Bogs and fens |
| What are the classes of mineral wetlands? | Marshes, swamps, and shallow water. |
| What is sour gas? | Sour gas has H2S |
| When are wells usually constructed? | In winter |
| What is the area of an oil sands exploration site? | 70x70m |
| Before 2002, how were sites revegetated? | With grass |
| After 2002 but before 2010, how we're sit's revegetated? | Naturally |
| What is the major soil mix used in reclaiming oil sands areas? | Peat mineral |
| What are five benefits of using woody debris | Increases germination Localized changes in soil moisture Habitat Organic matter and nutrient source Controls erosion |
| Which wetland classes have a stable water table? | Bogs and fens |
| Bogs are ______ acidic than fens. | More |
| What is a mire? | An early succession or actively accumulating wetland |
| What was the holocene? | Period of glacial melt |
| Is true moss more likely to be found I'm bogs or fens? | Fens |
| What are three methods of peat land formation? | Primary peat on wet mineral soil Terrestialization Paludification |
| What is terrestrialization? | Wetlands fill in depressions |
| What is paludification? | The swamping of a previously dry area |
| If the water table is not close to the surface, which invasive species my settle in a fen? | Cat tails (typha) |
| What kind of peat do saline fens have? | Sedge peat |
| What kind of water feeds saline fens? | Ground water |
| Are alkaline fens species rich or species poor | Species rich |
| How would you reclaim an alkaline fen? | First with sedges, then with moss |
| Would am acidic fen or a basic fen have higher calcium? | Basic fens have higher calcium |
| What is the most common oil site/method? | SAGD |
| What is the most difficult oil site to reclaim? | Open pit |
| Where are the three major oIL deposits in AB? | Athabasca, cold lake, and peace river |
| Are marshes more or less treed than swamps? | Less |
| Are bogs and fens more or less eutrophic than marshes? | Less eutrophic. |
| If you wanted to temporarily prevent silt from entering a body of water, which erosion prevention material would you use? | Geotextile or a silt fence |
| Why might you mulch a site? | To prevent seeds from settling on the soils. |
| Gabian mattresses and baskets are ideal for: rapid or slow flows? | Rapid flows |
| What is riprap? | Broken up rock. |
| Hydroseeding is often used where? | In cities and along roadsides |
| Erosion blanket qualifications are: | Moderate slopes Low flows Along shorelines |
| When might you use a concrete mattress? | To dissipate energy and prevent erosion in a high flow area |
| If you wanted to keep silt out of a drain, what erosion prevention method could you use? | Wattle |
| Give an example of a natural salt deposit. | Marine deposits |
| Give two examples of anthropogenic salt sources. | Road salts and fertilizer |
| Which country is the largest user of salt? | Canada |
| What are four common salts? | Sodium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, and magnesium chloride. |
| What kind of rock do solonetz soils develop on? | Marine shale |
| Where in Canada are the three major salt reserves? | Prairies, ON, and Maritimes |
| What are four ways that salt might be naturally occurring. | Not enough rain Not enough drainage Salty parent material Shallow saline groundwater |
| Which keeps the water table lower, deep roots or shallow roots? | Deep |
| What material added to oil sands contributes to salt in tailings? | Caustic soda |
| Differentiate between saline and sodic. | Saline is salty and neutral/acidic Sodic is salty and more basic |
| What are three types of rock? | Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary. |
| Of the rock types, which may contribute to acid mine drainage? | Igneous and possibly metamorphic |
| Give three hard rocks that are mined in Canada. | Ores, diamonds, gold. |
| Explain how hard rock contributes to acid drainage. | The surfaces are exposed to oxygen and water. This causes oxidation, which can acidify the water. |
| Differentiate between tailing and overburden. | Tailings are the leftover materials after separation. Overburden is wasterock and overlying material. |
| What are two ways of extracting ores? | Placer and hard rock |
| Is either way of ore extraction safe for the environment? Why? | Not really. Hard rock mining uses harsh chemicals and placer mining often makes use of dredging, which destroys the landscape. |
Created by:
swilson67
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