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Enviro Site Assess
Enviro Site Assess For Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the difference between phase 1 and phase 2 site assessments? | Phase 1 is a paperwork-based phase to identify potential or existing contamination, and phase 2 is when samples or collected. |
| What are the five basic steps of a phase 1 site assessment? | Scope, site history, site visit, interviews, and written report |
| Which step of a phase 1 site assessment takes the longest? | site history |
| What is the scope of an assessment? | The scope is an outline of the exact proceedings |
| What details must be included under scope? | Client name Property name,legal location Activities to be completed Enhancements to the requirements(risk evaluation, remediation recommendations) Price |
| What details might you include under site history? | Previous assessments, air photos, company records, regulations/permits/violations, land titles, any oil or gas sites upstream, all previous owners, soil/geology/groundwater info |
| What is the purpose of site history? | To collect information on past activities that may have contributed any contaminants. |
| What things should you consider when doing a site history search? | Adjacent property activities (past or present), any proposed rezoning or future activities. |
| What things are considered optional under site history? | Lease/purchase agreements, land use documents, soil or topo maps, public health concerns, utility records, local info. |
| What information can be found under the spatial information system? | Land titles, documents, survey plans, township plans, field notes, AB survey control markers, assessment rolls. |
| When should you do a site visit? | After the Site history |
| What does the site assessment entail? | Ground truthing |
| What are the parts of a legal site description? | quarter/subdivision, section, township, range, meridian |
| How can you differentiate between township and range? | Townships can go higher than 30, or may be denoted by a 0 in front. The range is closest to the meridian. |
| Where could you obtain an air photo? | Libraries, universities, federal and provincial agencies, city archives. |
| Why would fire insurance maps be an important thing to include in site history? | They may include any fire hydrants or any chemicals on site that would make a fire worse. |
| Where would any information regarding spills be found? | Under company records |
| Why would you want a well record? | To find out any yield tests and the groundwater depth (static water level) |
| What does LBP mean? | Lead based paint |
| What are BTEX compounds? | benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene |
| What is a PHC | petroleum based hydrocarbon |
| What chemical is associated with batteries? | lead |
| What chemical is assicated with wood treatment? | phenols |
| What chemicals are associated with oil and gas sites? | BTEX, salt water, H2S, PHC |
| What does F1-F4 describe? | The number of carbons. 1 is lower 4 is highest, starting at 6 carbons. |
| What are three examples of VOC? | BTEX, formaldehyde, chlorinated solvents |
| What are dioxins used for and why are they bad? | Dioxins are used in paper mills, pesticides, municipal wastes. they are mutagens, carcinogens, teratogens. |
| Why is agent orange? | An herbicide which contains TCDD, dangerous due to its chlorination. |
| What is a PAH? Give three examples. | A PAH is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Examples include napthalene, anthracene, and phenanthracene. |
| Where would PAHs be found? | Dyes, wood treatments, plastics, pesticides, incomplete combustion |
| Why would copper be dangerous? | Toxic in high amounts, can bioaccumulate in essential organs, |
| When would copper be used? | Piping, germicides, alloys, wood treating. |
| Why would chromium be dangrous? | Hexavelent chromium is toxic, |
| When would chromium be used? | Dyes, paints, tanning, wood treating. |
| Why would high concentrations of salt be dangerous? | Increases conductivity, stressed plants. |
| Why would barium be dangerous? | Is an irritant, sometimes toxic. |
| When would barium be used? | Can be found naturally, used as a weight additive with oil and gas. |
| What is a PCB? | Polychlorinated biphenyl |
| When would PCBs be used? | Oils and fluids |
| Why is radon dangerous? | It is a radioactive carcinogen which is naturally released from uranium decay |
| Why are electromagnetic fields dangerous? | Can cause cancers, brain issues. |
| Give an example of an ODS(ozone depleting substance) | Many fire extinguisher chemicals (CFC, halon), R-22 refridgerant(HCFC) |
| Why is Urea formaldehyde foam insulation a problem? | When wet, it releases formaldehyde, which is toxic and a carcinogen. |
| Name three wood preservatives. | Creosote, PCP, CCA(copper chrominated aresenate) |
| Name a common dry cleaning solvent. | PERC- perchloroethene |
| In general, what do all contaminants have in common? | Most are toxic, carcinodenic, mutagenic, and many are organic. |
| F1 PHCs are associated with which substance? | Gasoline |
| F2 PHCs are associated with which substance? | Diesel |
| F3 and F4 PHCs are associated with which substance? | Crude Oil/Motor Oil |
| name two CFCs and their residence times | CFC 11- trichlorfluoromethane - 50 yr residence CFC 12- dichlorofluoroethane - 100 yr residence |
| Where could you find information about USTs? | PTMAA |
| What are the major contamination concerns associated with landfills? | Methane gas migration and leachate seepage. |
| What is acid mine drainage? | Pyrite oxidation causes water to acidify. |
| What tragedy lead to the birth of ESAs? | Love Canal |
| What legislation in AB corresponds to ESAs? | EPEA and Water Act |
| What are the two conclusions that a phase I ESA can come to? | There is no reason to suspect contamination, or a phase II ESA is needed. |
| Differentiate between ESA and EIA. | ESA looks for specific evidence EIA looks to make predictions |
| What are three reasons an ESA might be conducted? | Financial, legal, or environmental reasons. |
| Who requires an ESA? | Anyone involved in property transaction. |
| What don't phase I ESA standards apply to? | Environmental audits or management systems. |
| Differentiate between upstream, midstream, and downstream oil/gas industries. | Upstream deals with extraction, midstream deals with refining, and downstream deals with distribution. |
| What additional things must you include as part of an ESA for an upstream site? | Lease survey diagrams, list of available air photos, and drilling records. |
| What is a wellhead? | The end of a wellbore visible on the surface. |
| What are three types of drilling mud? | Water-based Advanced gel Hydrocarbon-based |
| What might you have to worry about with advanced gel chem? | The salinity |
| What are three functions of drilling mud? | Particle removal, wellbore stability, and wall building characteristics. |
| What are three common weighting agents. | barium sulfide, calcium carbonate, and galena |
| Give an example of a lost circulation material | Nut plug |
| What are three common flocculants? | Envirofloc, salt, lime |
| Name two chemicals used for alkalinity control. | Caustic soda and lime |
| Name two chemicals used to control calcium. | Caustic soda and ash |
| Name two corrosion inhibitors. | Lime and zinc carbonate |
| Name two bactericides. | Lime and caustic soda |
| How does a defoamer work? | It reduces the surface tension in salt/saltwater mud systems |
| When might a foaming agent be used? | In an air drilling operation where dust needs to be suppressed. |
| What is a drill stem test? | Determines the productive capacity of a hydrocarbon reserve |
| What is the primary use of a flare pit? | To burn hydrocarbons. |
| What are two information sources that have info about upstream oil and gas sites? | AER and Abadata |
| As the scale increases, does the area covered increase or decrease? | decreases |
| What are some film types used in aerial photography? | B/W panchromatic Colour B/W IR False colour |
| What are some challenges with aerial photography? | Shadows/clouds Distortion Storage issues |
| Which film type would be used for a vegetation study? | False colour infrared, or B/W infrared |
| What film type is most common? | B/W panchromatic |
| What are three reasons for conducting a Phase 1 ESA? | Financial, legal reasons, and environmental reasons. |
| Do phase 1 site assessments apply to audits? | No |
| Differentiate between upstream, midstream, and downstream. | Upstream is extraction Midstream is refining and transportation Downstream is distribution |
| What are extra things you have to do as part of a Phase 1 site assessment for an upstream site? | A survey diagram, list of available air photos, and drilling waste details. |
| What does the phase 2 ESA conceptual model consider? | Contaminant properties, behaviours, and transport characteristics. |
| What are four phases a contaminant may exist in when released into subsurface? | Vapour, aqueous, free liquid, or adsorbed. |
| What are examples of contaminant properties that will determine how quickly a contaminant spreads? | Viscosity, solubility, vapor pressure, and density. |
| What range does a low solubility compound have? | Less than 50 mg per litre |
| In general, does solubility increase or decrease as hydrocarbon molar mass increases? | As molar mass increases, solubility decreases. |
| Will a contaminant with a low vapor pressure easily vaporize? | No. High vapor pressure means high volatility and vaporization. |
| What vapor pressure range does a VOC have? | Greater than 0.02 kPa |
| What does Henry's law state? | The amount of gas which dissolves is proportional to the partial pressure that it exerts on a liquid. |
| What is Henry's Law Constant? | Kh is the ratio of vapor pressure to solubility. |
| PAHs have high or low Kh? | Low |
| BTEX has high or low Kh? | High |
| Clays are likely to attract what type of contaminant? | Metal and inorganic cations. This is because clay particles have a slight negative charge. |
| What is the distribution coefficient? | Kd=soil/water Kd=Foc*Koc The distribution coefficient predicts and estimates chemical retardation/ partitioning |
| What is used as a surrogate for Koc? | Kow |
| What is Kow? | Octanol water coefficient |
| How would you calculate Foc? | 0.58* (OM/100) |
| What is likely to happen if a contaminant has a high Kow? | It will be highly water soluble and likely to migrate. |
| What is likely to happen if a contaminant has a low Kow? | It is likely to bioaccumulate. |
| What Kow range constitutes low Kow? | less than 500 |
| What is the definition of risk? | Risk is a measure of a contaminants ability to cause harm and how likely it is to happen. |
| What is a hazard? | A hazard is the adverse effect that the contaminant may cause. |
| Why are toddlers more susceptible than adults? | They ingest more soil, and have smaller weights. |
| Differentiate between Tier 1 and Tier 2 guidelines. | Tier 1 is more generic whereas tier 2 is more site-specific. |
| What is the purpose of a Phase 2 ESA? | To characterize the type and concentration of contaminants present. |
| What are the main components of a Phase 2 ESA? | ESA review Plan investigation Conduct investigation Interpret/evaluate Report |
| Differentiate between the three soil sample strategies. | Judgmental- Limited number from a target area Grid- systematic coverage Stratified- Systematic coverage of a target area |
| Differentiate between the two types of soil samples. | Discrete- Used to determine concentrations Composite, a mixed sample used to determine if a contaminant is present. |
| Would you store organics or heavy metals in glass? | No, they can absorb into the plastic. |
| Why is it important to preserve samples? | Bacteria growth and death can affect what you are measuring; precipitates may form. |
| To remove chlorine from a sample, what would you add? | Thiosulfate |
Created by:
swilson67
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