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Psychology(Zimbardo)
Psychology (Zimbardo, Weber, Johnson) Ch.1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology defined is: | the science of behavior and mental processes. |
| Psychologists, like all other scientists, use the: | scientific method. |
| Psychologists, like all other scientists, use the scientific method to: | test ideas empirically. |
| Psychology is a science that seeks to: | describe, explain, predict, and control individual behavior and mental processes. |
| Psychologists draw on what main perspectives? | Cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, and sociocultural. |
| Psychology's six main view points are the | cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, and sociocultural perspecteves. |
| What is psychology? | the scientific study of mind and behavior. |
| How do psychologists look at behavior and mental processes? | The biological view, cognitive view, psychodynamic view, humanistic view, behavioral view, and sociocultural view. |
| How do psychologists research? | They use the scientific method to test ideas empirically. |
| What are the goals of psychology? | Its goals are to describe, explain, predict, and control individual behavior and mental processes. |
| A scientific study should begin with | a hypothesis/problem. |
| What should a scientific experiment begin with? | It must begin with a hypothesis/problem. |
| The conditions involving the independent variable could also be thought of as the: | stimuli. |
| Random assignment of subjects to different experimental conditions can control for differences between: | the experimental and control groups. |
| The only form of research that can determine cause and effect is: | an experiment / experimental study. |
| What form of research can determine cause and effect? | An experimental study. |
| In what kind of research does a scientist have most control over variables that might affect the outcome of the study? | In an experimental study. |
| Unlike religion, art, and humanities, a science involves testing its theories against: | firsthand observations. |
| Examples of pseudopsychology are: | ESP, Handwriting analysis, fortune telling, ect... |
| Basic psychologists work: | in expanding knowledge. |
| Basic psychologists are: | the teachers, researchers doing the experimenting, and/or publishing results. |
| Applied psychologists work: | with people - in the real world - solving problems. |
| Examples of applied psychologists are: | I/O (industrial and organizational) psychologists, sports psychologists, clinical and counseling psychologists, rehabilitation psychologists, engineering psychologists, school psychologists, ... |
| Applied psychologists use the knowledge developed by whom, to what? | Applied psychologists use knowledge developed by experimental or basic psychologists to tackle human/everyday problems. |
| Emotional bias is | the tendency to make judgments based on personal attitude or opinions, rather than rational analysis of data. |
| Who is considered the father of scientific psychology? | Wundt. |
| Virtually all psychiatrists, but only some psychologists treat: | mental disorders. |
| Psychiatry is what kind of specialty? | Medical. |
| What type of degree do psychiatrists hold? | MD (Medicinae Doctor / Doctor of Medicine). |
| What type of degree do psychologists hold? | PhD, PsyD, or such. |
| What's pseudopsychology? | False or unsubstantiated assertions or practices set forth as being scientific psychology. |
| Define psychiatry. | A medical specialty dealing with diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. |
| Define confirmation bias. | The tendency to note only evidence that confirms your beliefs or expectations, while neglecting evidence that doesn't. |
| What year did the 'father of psychology' found the first formal laboratory devoted to experimental psychology? His name? | 1879. William Wundt. |
| How is bias overcome in relation to experiments? | Replication of data/results. |
| The scientific method is a way of putting what to what kind of test? | Ideas; an objective pass-fail test. |
| Modern psychology's scope is broader than the Greek concept of 'psyche' how? | It studies behavior as well as the mind. |
| An "operational definition" can be (blank) objectively. | observed. |
| Movies are an example of what kind of illusion? | Optical. |
| Our eyes have (blank), but our (blank) fills in the holes. | blind spots; brain |
| The three main steps of the scientific method are | the hypothesis (which is the cause & effect between thought and behavior), the testing (experiment, data collection, & analysis), and the conclusion (accept/regect hypothesis). |
| Empirical investigation relies on | data (sensory experience & observation), not hunches |
| Define 'operational definition'. | Objective descriptions of concepts involved in a scientific study. |
| Research studies that take place over a long period of time are known as | longitudinal research. |
| Positive correlation means that as one variable increases | the other one does too. |
| Negative correlation means that as one variable increases | the other one decreases. |
| The five psychological methods / types of psychological research: | naturalistic observation, case study, correlational study, survey, & experiment. |
| Which is the only scientific psychological method / research? | Experiment. |
| The other psychological methods are (blank) and nonscientific. | passive |
| Which of the five psychological methods are passive/nonscientific? | Naturalistic observation, survey, correlational study (adds prediction), case study (Experiment is scientific). |
| Experiment is scientific because of | manipulation & control. |
| Structuralism - | (Wundt) What's mind & it's structure? Introspection. |
| Functionalism - | (James) How does your brain help you function? |
| Psychoanalytical/psychodynamic - | (Freud) the unconcious. |
| Humanistic - | born good/innocent, free will/choice, personal meaning, existentialism. |
| Behaviorism - | (Watson) focuses on behavior, ignores mental process. |
| Cognitive - | re-emphasis on mental processing because of imergence of brain scan technology. |
| Gestalt - | German word 'whole'. Big picture. "The whole(perception) is greater than the sum of it's parts." Brain perception. |
| The 7 Old Schools / early schools of psychology? | Structuralism(Wundt), functionalism(James), psychoanalytical/psychodynamic(Freud), humanistic, behaviorism(Watson), cognitive, & gestalt. |
| Our DNA is exactly how alike to chimps? | 98.4% |
| Humans differ from each other in DNA by | only 0.1% |
| Independent variable- | (manipulate) cause. Have at least a control group & experimental group. |
| Dependent variable- | (measure) supposed effect. |
| Double-blind study: | to avoid expectancy bias, the researchers are kept in the dark as well as the subjects. |
| Single-blind study: | the subjects are kept in the dark. |
| Evolution- | change over time. |
| Modern evolutionary psychology- | we are who we are today because of the more adaptable past humans. |
| Chromosomes- | the overall genetic unit (appearance KX). |
| DNA- | splice/segment of chromosome (the double helix). |
| Genes- | piece of DNA responsible for a specific chemical (protien or enzyme). |
| Humans have about how many genes? | 30,000 |
| Humans have how many chromosomes? | 46 |
| Humans have how many pairs of chromosomes? | 23 |
| The 5 parts of a neuron: | dentrite, soma(cell body w/ nucleus inside), axon, myelin sheat(fat coating), terminal buttons. |
| 5 important neurotransmitters: | Seratonin(lack causes depression), Dopamine(excess causes paranoia-cocaine), Epinephrine(adrenaline/fightorflight), Norepinephrine(calms/slows), Endorphine(body natural morphine). |
| Nerves or nerve pathways are bundles of many | neurons. |
| Plasticity is | the brains ability to change/repair itself due to experience or damage. |
| Reflexes are | unconcious, involuntary responses. |
| Endocrine system is basically our | glands, which secrete hormones, which are chemicals, which are either inhibitory or excitatory. |
| 3 Important glands: | 1.) adrenal (epinephrine "fightorflight"), 2.) testies/ovaries (sex hormones, testosterone = agression, sex drive, hair growth), 3.) pituitary (sends signal from hypothalamus to all other glands). |
| 3 major types of Complex Learning: | Classical (Pavlov), Operant (Skinner), Observational (Bandura). |
| 2 major types of Primitive Learning: | habituation, mere exposure. |
| 2 basic types of Synapses: | classical conditioning (CS+US like thunder & lightning), operant (if-then, punishment & reinforcement). |
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Sonhos
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