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ch. 9 nervous sys.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system is | neuron |
| information transmitted in the form of electrical and chemical changes | nerve impulsea |
| extension of neuron cell body | nerve fiber |
| receives information as electochemical messages | dendrite |
| sends information | axon |
| the general function of the peripheral nervous are, , ,and | sensory, integrative, and motor |
| the motor functions of the nervous system that are consciously controlled are part of the ____ nervous system | somatic |
| the supporting cells of the central nervous system are _____ cells | neuroglial |
| the cells of the central nervous system that divide throughout life are ____cell | neuroglial |
| the structures that are primarily responsible for the "blood brain"barrier are the ___ of the brain and glial cells known as ___ | capillaries, astrocytes |
| list the common features of all nuerons | cell body, dendrites, axons |
| axons arise from a part of the cell body known as the | axonal hillock |
| the neurilemma is composed of | the cytoplam and nuclei of Schwann celss |
| list the major groups of neurons classified on the basis of structure | bipolare, unipolar, multipolar |
| neurons may be classified functionally as ___ , _____and | sensory, interneuron, motor |
| when the nerve cell is at rest, the concentration of ____ ions is relatively greater on the outside of the cell membrane | sodium |
| when the threshold potential is reached, the region of the cell membrane being stimulated undergoes a change in | permeability |
| the rapid sequence of depolarization and repolarization in the nerve cell is | action potential |
| nerve with _____diameters conduct impulses faster than those with ____ | larger, smaller |
| the junction between two communicating neurons is called | synapse |
| transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to another is controlled by | neurotransmitters |
| a bundle of nerves fibers held together by connective tissue | nerve |
| the outer membrane covering the brain is composed of fibrous tissues and is called | pia meter |
| cerebrospinal fluid is found between | pia mater and arachnoid mater |
| the spinal cord ends at | between lumbar vertebrae 1 and 2 |
| white matter in the spinal cord is | composed of myelinated nerve fibers and makes up nerve pathways called tracts |
| three major portions of the brain are | cerebrum brain stem cerebellum |
| the hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by nerve fibers called | corpus callosum |
| frontal lobes | control voluntary muscles complex problem solving |
| parietal lobes | pain |
| temporal lobes | hearing recognition |
| occipital lobes | vision |
| cerebrospinal fluid is produced by | choroid plexuses |
| the thalamus and hypothalamus are parts of the brain located in | diencephalon |
| part of the brain for regulation of temp heart rate, hunger, fluid and electrolytes is | hypothalamus |
| what part of brain produces fear, anger and pleasure | limbic system |
| consciousness is dependent upon stimulation of the | reticular formation |
| tremors loss of muscle tone, gait disturbance and loss of equilibrium may be due to damage of | cerebellum |
| two divisons of peripheral nervous system | somatic automonic |
| there are how many brain nerves | 12 all arise from except for 2 arise from brain stem |
| vision and function of the eyes are controlled by cranial nerves---- throught--- | 2,6 |
| there are ------pairs of spinal nerves | 31 |
| the part of nervous system that functions without conscious control is | autonomic nervous system |
| what is the response to stimulation by the symapathetic nervous system | increased heart reate and blood glucose concentration |
| nerves of the sympathetic divison leave the spinal cord with nerves in ---- and --- | thorax,lumbar |
| what is the response to stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system | contraction of gall bladder and urinary bladder |
| dendrites | receive electrochemical messsages |
| neuroglical cell | are nervous tissue that provide physical support, insulation and nutrients from nuerons |
| what are 2 divison of nervous system | central and nervous |
| three main functions of nervous system | sensory intergrative motor |
| 2 categories of motor functions | somatic-conscious control autonomic-involuntary |
| 4 types of neuroglia | microglial obligodendrocytes astrocytes ependymall cells |
| nueron structure | have a cell body tubular cytopalsm filled dendrites which conduct nerve impulses to neuron cell body an axon which conducts impulses away |
| cell body consist of | organelles lysosomes golgi appartus nuerofibrils |
| gray matter | unmyelinated axons |
| 3 major classification of nuerons | multipolar biopolar unipolar |
| sensory neurons | carry nerve impulses from peripheral body parts to brain most are unipolar some bipolar |
| interneuron | transmit impulses from one part of brain or spinal cord to another are multipolar |
| motor neuron | carry impulses out of brain or spinal cord to effector are multipolar |
| synapse are seperated by | synaptic cleft |
| presynaptic | neuron carring impulse is the sender |
| postsynaptic | neuron receives the input at synapse |
| synaptic transmission | process of crossing synaptic cleft with message by a one way process by biochemical called neurotransmitters |
| synaptic knobs | extensions at distal ends |
| synaptic vesicles | membraneous sacs that release neurotransmitters |
| major contributor to membrane polarzation is | potassium |
| potential difference | difference in electrical charge between 2 regions |
| resting potential | is the potential difference between the region inside and outside the membrane of a resting nerve |
| action potential | happens when threshold is reached |
| hyperpolarzation | happens as potassuim ions pass through open channels and these positive ions diffuse outward |
| saltatory conduction | nerve impulses jump node to node |
| inhibitory neurotransmittiers | make it less likely that threshold will be released and decrease the chance that nerve impulse may occur |
| reflex arc | simplest nerve pathway |
| reflex behavior | automatic response to change |
| meninges | layered membranes the protect the brain and spinal cord |
| 3 layers of meninges | dura meter arachnoid mater pia mater |
| insula | sensory speech area (wernicke's area) |
| interconnected cavaties within the cerebral hemisphere and brainstem | lateral ventricles (1&2)intervetricular foramen conects lateral and third third ventricles fourth ventricles (cerebral aqueduct connects 3rd and 4th) |
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