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Neurology Basics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Inside neuron | K |
| Outside neuron | Na & Cl |
| Acetylcholine | Parasympathetic & Pre-ganglion sympathetic |
| Serotonin | Onset of sleep, mood control, pain pathway inhibitor |
| Dopamine | Complex movements, emotional response regulation, attention |
| Nor-epinephrine | arousal, reward system, dreams, mood regulation |
| Aspartate | sensation |
| GABA | nerve & muscle transmission |
| Glutamate | sensation |
| Glycine | Muscle control |
| Substance P | Pain |
| Endorphins/Enkephalins | pleasure, reward, analgesia (inhibits SubP), released w/ ACTH during stress |
| Nitric acid | made by enzymes, released by diffusion |
| # of cranial nerves | 12 pairs |
| # of spinal nerves | 31 pair |
| Limbic Lobe Function | Learning & Memory |
| Occipital Lobe Function | Auditory, complicated memory, Wernicke’s area |
| Parietal Lobe Function | 3D perception, body perception, singing/musical instruments |
| Frontal Lobe Function | Primary motor area, Broca’s area |
| Thalamus Function | Switchboard, all sensations except smell |
| Hypothalamus Function | Regulates H2O, appetite, sleep, temperature, thirst; Regulates hormone release |
| Epithalamus Function | Point of reference |
| Subthalamus Function | sensory tracts, connects to basal ganglia |
| Medulla oblongata | cardiac-slowing center, respiratory center (CN IX, X, XI, XII, VII, VIII) |
| Pons | cardiac acceleration, vasoconstriction, pneumotaxic center, (CN V, VI, VII, VII) |
| Midbrain | CN III, IV |
| Romberg sign | swaying when eyes are closed; no swaying with eyes open |
| Deep tendon reflex | taping tendon should result in contraction |
| Sites of deep tendon reflexes | Patellar (below knee), Achilles’ (back of ankle), brachioradialis (inside of wrist), biceps (AC), triceps (just above elbow) |
| Babinski’s sign | dorsiflexion of great toe and fanning of other toes, pathological > 2 years of age |
| Clonus | sudden, brief, jerking contraction of muscle |
| Hyperactive reflexes | UMN disease, tetanus, hypocalcemia |
| Hypoactive reflexes | LMN disease, neuromuscular junction disease, muscle disease, metabolic disease |
| PERRLA | pupils equal size, round and regular shape, react to light, accommodation |
| Decortication | interruptions in corticospinal pathway |
| Decerebration | brainstem dysfunction |
| Cerebral angiography (arteriography) | ID aneurysms, traumatic injuries, strictures/occlusions, tumors, arteriovenous malformation |
| CT scan | STRUCTURE; cross-sectional slices; distinguish bone, soft tissue, and fluids |
| PET (positron emission tomography) | FUNCTION; provides info on glucose/oxygen metabolism & cerebral blood flow; radioactive glucose |
| SPECT (Single=photon emission computed tomography) | cerebral blood flow assess., stroke, dementia, AIDS, amnesia, neoplasms, head trauma, seizures, vegetative state, brain death, psychiatric disorders |
| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) | superior images compared to CT |
| MRA (magnetic resonance angiography) | ID arterial blockages, intracranial aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations |
| MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy) | detects abnormalities in biochemical processes |
| Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) | pressure readings w/ manometer, CSF sample for analysis, check for spinal blockage, inject contrast/air, inject spinal anesthesia, intrathecal injections, reduce mild/moderate increased ICP |
| EEG (electroencephalography) | records electrical activity of brain |
| EMG (electromyography) | records electrical activity of peripheral nerves |
| CBF (cerebral blood flow) | specific for cerebral vasospasm |
| Brain scan | evaluates vascular abnormalities, location of tumors |
| TCD (transcranial Doppler) | detects pulse waves (time for wave to travel to depth and back to skull) |
Created by:
jlee12406
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