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evol. psy307Ch13p398
evol. psy307Ch13p398-406
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| when information is presented using frequencies and with a pictorial format | performances improve dramatically |
| EEA input involves information that may change rapidly | local frequencies such as location of game animals and edible plants |
| evolutionary psychology challenges the cognitive psychology view that problem solving abilities of humans | are riddled with errors and biases |
| evolutionary psychology claim humans posess | multiple intelligences, and have many specialized cognitive mechanisms designed to solve different adaptive problems |
| many cognitive heuristics are | adaptively biased |
| language (Chomsky&Gould) is a spontaneously emerging by-product of | the tremendous growth of the human brain (or an adaptation) |
| language is an adaptation (Steven Pinker) designed to communicate information | deep structure of grammar well designed for this, even without any formal teaching |
| specially designed vocal tract and brain areas (Wernicke's and Broca's area) as well as auditory specializations | are complexly designed organic structures that can only be explained by natural selection |
| language functions to promote information exchange such as | warning friends, coordinating hunting or warfare, tool construction and use |
| social gossip hypothesis (Robin Dunbar) | language evolved to facilitate bonding between large groups of humans |
| social contact hypothesis (but doesn't explain why not a problem for other large groups and why marriages fail) | men leaving mates for large game hunting necessitated language to facilitate mating commitments |
| Scheherazade hypothesis (dazzle with humor, wit, exotic tales) (but little sexual differentiation; emerges before puberty) | the large human brain is a sexually selected organ evolved to signal superior fitness to potential mates |
| diversity of language uses | social bonding, policing cheaters, courting mates, mating contracts, peace treaties |
| Machiavellian intelligence | use language and gossip to manipulate social reputations in the service of mating competitions |
| the human brain is 2 to 3 % of body's weight tripling in size in last 7 million years but | consumes about 20 to 25% if body's calories |
| ecological dominance/social competition (EDSC) hypothesis: with shelter, clothing food and fire, human dominance over the | ecology opened the door to competition from other humans invoking complexities of large group living |
| "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" | starvation, warfare, pestilence, severe weather |
| EDSC : selecting for larger brains evolved to deal with adaptive problems of | theft, cannibalism, cuckoldry, infanticide, extortion and other treachery |
| new human forms of intelligence | consciousness,language, self-awareness,theory of mind, scenario building |
| coevolutionary arms races would have led to | other intelligences driven by social competition |
| EDSC predicts that as population density increases | selection pressure for greater intelligence will also increase because of demands of social competition |
| But general intelligence is not highly correlated with social intelligence as predicted by | the EDSC (ecological dominance/social competition) hypothesis |
| individual differences in survival (Linda Gottfredson) are linked to | differences in intelligence |
| human technologies (fires, weapons, canoes) have created | novel hazards for humans resulting in more deaths of less intelligent individuals |
| deadly innovations hypothesis (Linda Gottfredson) | risk from human innovations amplified selection pressure for the evolution of general intelligence |
| deadly innovations hypothesis (Linda Gottfredson) forces widening the survival differences between low and high IQ | double-jeopardy, spiraling complexity, migration ratchet |
| double-jeopardy | low IQ both die and can't protect children from innovation risks |
| spiraling complexity | increasingly complex technologies amplify the importance of IQ for avoiding their hazards |
| migration ratchet | out of Africa environments created pressure for more innovative technologies to harness them, creating more new hazards |
| each increased IQ point | linked with 1% reduction in relative death risk; injury risk also down with IQ |
| human adaptive social problems (evolutionary social psychology) psychology of relationships is core | negotiating hierarchies, long-term exchange relationships. long and short-term mateships, managing reputations, dealing with kin |
| phenomenon oriented social psychology | correspondence bias, social loafing effect, self-handicapping, self-serving bias, confirmation bias |
| correspondence bias | tendency to explain behavior by invoking enduing dispositions, even when situational causes are responsible |
| social loafing effect | tendency to perform less work toward a joint outcome as group size increase |
| self-handicapping | tendency to present publicly a purported weakness about oneself to provide an excuse in the event one fails |
| self-serving bias | tendency to make attributions that make oneself look better than others in the group |
| confirmation bias | tendency to seek out information that confirms (rather than falsifies) an already-held hypothesis |
| inclusive fitness theory: altruistic acts should be heavily directed toward other organisms that | are likely to have copies of the helper's genes; have the ability to convert such help into increased survival or reproduction |
| sexual selection-the theory that evolution can occur through mating advantage through | besting intersexual competitors; being preferentially chose as a mate by members of the opposite sex |
| parental investment theory predicts that the sex that invests most in the offspring | is predicted to be more choosy in mate selection; lower investor more intrasex competitive for access to high investing sex |
| reciprocal altruism theory- offers explanation of such social phenomena as | friendship, cooperation, helping, altruism and social exchange |
| parent-offspring conflict provides a powerful guide to | sibling rivalry, step parent child abuse, weaning conflict between mother and child |
| sexual conflict | mating deception, sexual aggression, women's defenses against sexual aggression, jealous conflict |
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james22222222
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