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Intro to Criminal Ju
ADMJ 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| crime | an intentional violation of the criminal law or penal code, committed without defense or excuse and penalize by the state. |
| norm or social more | any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not think, say, or do under a giving circumstances. |
| overcriminalization | the prohibition by the criminal law of some behaviors that arguably should not be prohibited. |
| nonenforcement | the failure to prohibit some behaviors that arguably should be prohibit. |
| harm | the external consequence required to make an action a crime |
| legality | the requirement that a harm must be legally forbidden for the behavior to be a crime and that the law must be not retroactive. |
| ex post facto law | a law that: declares criminal act that was not illegal when it was committed increases the punishment for a crime after it is committed alters the rules of evidence in a particular case after the crime is committed. |
| actus reus | criminal conduct, specifically intentional or criminal negligent, action or inaction that causes harm. |
| means rea | criminal intent, a guilty state of mind. |
| negligence | the failure to take reasonable precautions to prevent harm |
| duress | force or coercion as an excuse for committing a crime |
| juvenile deliquency | a special category of offense created for young offenders. Between 7 and 18 years old. |
| insanity | mental or psychological impairment or retardation as a defense against a criminal charge |
| entrapment | a legal defense against a criminal responsibility when a person is induced into committing a crime by a law enforcement officer or by his or her agent. |
| necessity defense | a legal defense against criminal responsibility used when a crime has been committed to prevent a more seroius crime |
| mala in se | wrong in themselves. Crimes that are characterize by universality and timelesness |
| mala prohibita | offenses that are illegal because laws define them as such; they lack universality and timelessness |
| dark figure of crime | the number of crimes not officially recorded by the police |
| crime index | an estimate of crimes committed |
| offenses know to the police | a crime index, reported by the FBI' uniform crime report, composed of crimes that are both reported to and recorded by the police |
| crime rate | a measure of the incident of crime expressed as the number of crimes per unit of population or some other base. |
| uniform crime report UCR | a collection of crime statistics and other law enforcement information gathered under a voluntary national program administered by the FBI |
| eight index crimes | the part I offenses in the FBI's uniform crime reports. |
| 8 index crimes | 1. murder and non negligent manslaughter 2. forcible rape 3. robbery 4. aggravated assault 5. burglary 6. larceny-theft 7. motor vehicle thefth 8. arson |
| status offense | an act that is illegal for juvenile but wound not be a crime if committed by an adult |
| crime index offenses cleared | the number of offenses for which at least one person has been arrested, charge with the commission of the offense, and turned over to the court for prosecution |
| national crime victimization surveys NCVS | crime statistics base on interviews |
| self report crime surveys | surveys in which subjects are asked whether they have committed crimes |
| affidavit | declaración jurada |
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