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Microbiology 8-3
Lecture 8 part 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bacteria that are considered "unique" | Spirochetes, Mycoplasma/Ureaplasma, Chlamydia, Rickettsia/Erlichia/Coxiella, Aerobic Actinomycetes |
| The two medically important families of Spirochetales | spirochetes (Treponema and Borrelia)and the leptospira (thin, coiled bacteria with flagella important human pathogens) |
| The 2 species of Treponema that cause disease | Order(Spirochetes) T. pallidum and T. carateum |
| What has a subspecies that is an etiologic agent of syphilis? | Order(Spirochetes) T. pallidum |
| Where is Treponema bejel usually found? | Order(Spirochetes) Africa, Asia, Australia |
| Where is Treponema pinta usually found? | Order(Spirochetes) Mexico, Central and South America |
| Where is Treponema yaws usually found? | Order(Spirochetes)S. America, Central Africa, SE Asia |
| General description/characteristics of Treponema pallidum | Order(Spirochetes) tightly coiled spirochete; 3 flagella at each end; cannot be grown in vitro; diagnosis usually made serologically or by direct observation |
| General description/characteristics of Borrelia | larger than the other spirochetes;multiple flagella; weakly stains Gram negative; can be seen in clinical specimens; culture is variable; diagnosis usually serologic(ex. B. burgdorferi and B. recurrentis) |
| What is B. burgdorferi? | Borrelia burgdorferi; etiologic agent of Lyme disease |
| What is B. recurrentis? | Borrelia recurrentis; etiologic agent of relapsing fever |
| Describe general characteristics of Leptospira | all pathogenic strains given species name interrogans and non-pathogenic strains given species name; animals serve as reservoir for human infection; like Treponema thin, coiled spiral with flagella at end BUT can be grown in vitro; from mild to fatal |
| Describe general characteristics of Mycoplasmataceae | smallest free-living bacteria;unique because they lack cell walls and their cell membranes contain sterols;pleiomorphic filaments (can be cultured but are slow growers);two medically important genera:Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma |
| Two medically important genera of Mycoplasmataceae | Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma |
| What are the important species of the genus Mycoplasma? | M. pneumoniae, M. hominis, and M. genitalium |
| Describe Mycoplasma pneumoniae | most important species of genus; strict human pathogen; causes both upper & lower respiratory disease |
| Describe Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium | colonize GU tract; unclear role in genital infections; ? role in spontaneous abortions |
| Describe general characteristics of species Mycoplasma | These organisms have no cell wall and when grown on artificial media they have a characteristic “fried egg” appearance |
| Aside from M. mycoplasma, what other species colonizes the human GI tract? | Ureaplasma species |
| What is the most common/most important species of Ureaplasma? | U. urealyticum is most common/most important |
| What is an important cause of urethritis? | U. urealyticum |
| Which family underwent extensive taxonomic revision in 1999? and what was it changed to? | Chlamydiaceae; previously single genus (Chlamydia), now 2 genera:Chlamydia: C. trachomatis;Chlamydophila: C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci(there are other species in both genera but they are uncommon pathogens) |
| General characteristics of Chlamydiaceae | very small bacteria with Gram negative structure; unlike other bacteria have unique developmental cycle; energy parasites: use host ATP for their own energy requirements |
| Developmental cycle of Chlamydiaceae | EB (elementary body) and RB (reticulate body) |
| What is the EB (elementary body) of Chlamydiaceae? | analogous to spore (resistant to harsh environment); are infectious form; smaller than RB's |
| What is the RB (reticulate body) of Chlamydiaceae? | intracellular form; metabolically active; replicating form |
| What is the etiologic agent of cervicitis, urethritis (US)? | Chlamydia trachomatis |
| What is the etiologic agent of trachoma? | Chlamydia trachomatis |
| What is similar to N. gonorrhoeae, where infants can be infected at birth? | Chlamydia trachomatis |
| What are the 3 "biovars" of Chlamydia trachomatis? | 1=murine infection, 2= C. trachomatis, 3 =lymhogranuloma venerum (LGV) |
| General characteristics of C. pneumoniae | previously known as TWAR; important cause of upper & lower respiratory infection; often difficult to distinguish clinically from other causes of atypical pneumonia; newly discovered role in atherosclerosis |
| General characteristics of C. psittasci | etiologic agent of psittacosis (“parrot fever”); any bird can be reservoir for infection; occupational exposureinfection acquired via respiratory route: lungs seeded→ hematogenous spread |
| what is RMSF? | Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is the prototypical rickettsial disease |
| General characteristics of Rickettsia/Erlichia/Coxiella | very small coccobacilli, similar cell structure to Gram negative bacteria (LPS);obligate intracellular parasitesnatural habitat= infected arthropods;humans acquire disease via bite of infected arthropod and are considered “accidental” hosts; ex.RMSF |
| General characteristics of Aerobic Actinomycetes | gram + bacteria that in morphology and pathogenesis resemble fungi;commonly found in soil, decaying vegetation and ventilation systems;able to colonize humans but cause disease only in immunocompromised hosts;do not confuse w/ the ANAEROBIC genus |
| How is Aerobic Actinomycetes similar to the Anaerobic genus Actinomyces? | similar morphology;Aerobic will colonize upper respiratory tract, GI tract, female genital tract;cause disease only when normal mucosal barriers are breached |
| What are the medically important genera of actinomyces? | Nocardia, Tropheryma, multiple genera associated with allergic pneumonitis |
| Describe the Nocardia species | cell wall structure similar to Mycobacteria(also acid-fast but weakly so grow on routine media but slowly); >10 species associated with disease; infection acquired by inhalation or traumatic implantation; wide spectrum of disease |
| Describe the wide spectrum of disease in Norcardia species | immunocompetent patients: cutaneous, chronic pulmonary disease; immunocompromised patients: bronchopulmonary, severe cutaneous or CNS disease |
| Describe the Mycobacteria | diverse group of non-motile rods; unique cell walls: lipid rich, mycolic acidcan’t be Gram stained (resist decolorization); mostly slow growers w/ complex growth requirements; >100 species; classification based on growth properties+in vitro morphology |
| What were classically Runyon groups (I-IV) and non-Runyon groups | Mycobacteria |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | etiologic agent of tuberculosis; intracellular pathogen capable of lifelong infection; few virulence factors; strict human pathogen; M. tuberculosis complex: includes M. leprae and M. bovis |
| Mycobacterium avium complex | merger of 2 species: M. avium & M. intracellulare; difficult to distinguish biochemically; ubiquitous in nature: soil, water; multiple manifestations of pulmonary disease in imminocompetent patients; disseminated disease in immunocompromised patients |
Created by:
amb101
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