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Atomic Structure
Atomic Structure Review
| What is Matter? | Anything that takes up space and has mass |
| What is an Atom? | Smallest stable unit of matter |
| What is a Proton? | Positively Charged Atom |
| What is a Neutron? | Neutral atom |
| What is an Electron? | Negatively Charged Atom Determine the chemical behavior of an atom |
| What is an Isotope? | Atoms of same element whose Nucleus contains the same number of Protons, but diff. number of Neutrons Ex: Carbon 12 6-P 6-N |
| What is a Radioisotope? | Unstable Isotopes that emit radiation |
| What is a Covalent Bond? Can be Polar and Non-Polar | STRONG BOND/ involving shared pairs of Electrons between atoms 1 Electron is donated by each atom to make a pair of Electrons |
| What is an Ionic Bond? Weaker than Covalent | Atom ( Electron Donor) loses 1 or more Electons and becomes a CATION- Pos. Charge Another atom( Electron Acceptor) gains those same Electrons and becomes an ANION- Neg Charge Attraction between the Oposite charges draws the two ions together. |
| What is a Hydrogen Bond? Weaker than Ionic | Bonds between adjacent molecules/ not atoms Slighly Pos. and Neg. portions of the Polar Molecules( Attracted to one another) Many stabilize large 3D Molecules- DNA Strands to form double helix Tertiary and Quaternary Struct. of Proteins |
| What is Anabolism? | A synthesis Rxn that is large and requires energy in an organism. |
| What is Catabolism? | Decomposition Rxn break bonds within larger compounds to form smaller atoms, ions, and molecules. Release Energy |
| What is Metabolism? | Exchange Rxn multi step rxn that involve both breaking and forming Covalent Bonds Balance of Acids and Bases |
| Special characteristics of Water ? Most Abundant Compoud | Cohesiveness( Surface Tension)/ Excellent Solvent( Dissolves Salt and other charged molecules)/ Liquid across wide range of temp/ High Heat Capacity/ Chemical Reactivity ( Reactant in Hydrolysis / prod of dehydration synth.) |
| Atomic Structure | Nucleus= Protons+ Neutrons |
| Atomic Number | Number of Protons |
| Electron Cloud | Contain Electron |
| What is an Element | Single type of Atom Determined the atomic number of an atom (Dalton) |
| Mass number | Atomic Mass |
| Electron Cloud Contains | Shells or Energy Levels |
| Valence Shell | Outermost shell determine bonding |
| What is a Chemical Bond: | involves sharing, gaining, losing of electrons in the Valence Shell |
| 3 types of Chemical Bond | Covalent Bond( Nonpolar- Polar) Ionic Hydrogen |
| 3 types of Covalent Bonds | Single Covalent Bond Double Covalent Bond Triple " " |
| Non Polar Covalent Bonds DON'T LIKE WATER | EQUAL sharing of Electrons Equal attraction for electrons |
| Polar Covalent Bonds INTERACT WITH WATER | POLAR Molecules UNEQUAL sharing of electrons/ 1 of atoms involved in bond has a stronger attractions for the electrons CAN FORM HYDROGEN BONDS |
| Salts ELECTROLYTES | Dissolve in water |
| Chemical Reactions | Making or breaking chemical bonds |
| Synthesis Reaction | Large /Complex Compounds Require Energy |
| Decomposition Reaction | Break Bonds within larger compounds to form smaller atoms, ions, or molecules Release Energy |
| Exchange Reaction | Multi- step rxn that involve both breaking and forming covalent bonds |
| Acid/Bases | Dissociated by water into CATIONS, ANIONS |
| Acid ANIONS | Dissociates into H+ 1 or more |
| Bases CATIONS | Binds with H+ when dissolved into water Some dissociate into Cations+and OH- |
| PH Microorganisms grow best at 6.5-8.5 | Scale of concentration of H+ in a solution |
| What prevents drastic changes in PH | Buffers EX: Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Weak acid/ base depending on environment. |
| Salts can help with PH by: | Buffers |
| Organic Compounds | Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen |
| What are 4 types of Macromolecules | Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins(Amino Acids) Nucleic Acids |
| Lipids Non Polar except Carboxyl Group | Hydrophobic Molecule Made by Carbon and Hydrogen Atoms with a carboxyl group |
| Cell membrane of Lipids | Fatty Acids Phopholipids Waxes: Mycolic Acid/ covalently bonded to an alcohol by ester bond/ insoluble in water Steroids: 4 rings of Carbon and Hydrogen with an assortment of functional groups. |
| Two types of fatty acids | Saturated : 1 single covalent bond between Carbon bond Unsaturated:1 double covalent bond |
| Composition of Animal Cell Membranes | Sterol: in cells of FUNGI, PLANTS, MYCOPLASMAS AND CHOLESTEROL |
| Carbohydrates | Organic Molecule of CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN RATIO 1:2:1 |
| CARBS Funct: | Energy Part of backbone of Nucleic Acids, DNA/RNA Converted to Amino Acids Form Part of Cell wall in certain bacteria Involved in Intercellular interaction between animal cells |
| Types of Carbs | Monosaccharides: Simple Sugar/ Guclose/ Fructose/ Galactose Disaccharides: Sugars covalently bonded together/ Sucrose/ Lactose Polysaccharides: Many Monosaccharides covalently bonded Glycogen/Starch/Cellulose |
| What is the most important and abundant organic molecule | Proteins |
| Proteins | long chains of amino acids 21 diff |
| 4 Basic Elements of Proteins | Carbon C Hydrogen H Oxygen O Nitrogen N |
| Protein Funct: | Support Movement Transport Buffering Metabolic RegulationI( Enzymes) Coordination and Control Defense and Offense |
| Protein Shape: Lose their funct shape when acidity changes | Primary Structure: Seq. of AMINO ACIDS Secondary Structure: Hydrogen bonds from SPIRAL OR PLEATS Tertiary: Secondary structure folds into unique shape Quaternary Structure: Final Protein in shape/ several tertiary structures together. |
| Nucleic Acids | Genetic Material of organisms |
| DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid | Determine physical characteristics of an organism Direct Protein Synthesis Controls Metabolism |
| RNA Ribonucleic Acid | Help from Proteins Genetic Material of some Viruses |
| Nucleotides Phosphate Pentose ( 5 Carbon Sugar Deoxyribose, Ribose) | Monomers that make up nucleic acids Nitrogenous Base |
| Nucleosides | Lack Phosphate |
| Nucleic Acid Structure | DNA- is a double stranded in most cells and viruses Strands- Complimentary and antiparalles |
| ATP Adenosine Triphosphate | Nucleic Acid that is used for energy Phosphate- Phosphate Bonds ( Higher Energy) provide energy Break Bond/Release Energy |
Created by:
aphastings