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evol psy 307Ch12p361
evol psy 307Ch12p361-74
Term | Definition |
---|---|
universal human motive | status striving |
status and dominance hierarchies form | quickly |
pecking order (dominance hierarchy) | keeps dominants from necessity of continuous conflicts and helps submissives avoid injury |
evolution favors assessment abilities | psychological ability to assess one's own fighting abilities relative to those of others |
selection favors seeing through bluffs since animals that submitted prematurely or needlessly | would lose access to precious resources |
dominant male chimps female access especially high when | female is in estrus |
primates continually compete for | elevated position |
rising in primate hierarchies depends on | social skills, especially ability to enlist allies |
dominance hierarchies determine | the allocation of resources using force or threat of force |
production hierarchies involve | coordination and division of labor to achieve a group goal |
prestige is | freely conferred deference |
prestige hierarchies tend to be domain specific and depend on | special skills,knowledge,or social connections and evoke admiration |
individuals acquire prestige by | displaying generosity, competence, and sacrifices that signal commitment to the group |
leading and following can be viewed as | evolved strategies for group coordination (hunting, defense) and resolving in-group conflicts |
male reproductive success is typically more | variable than female reproductive success |
the more polygynous the mating system | the stronger the selection pressure on males and selection will favor strategies for not being excluded |
two ways dominant men may get access to women | preferential selection by women (resources) and intrasexual domination (mate stealing) |
"Genghis Kan effect" | 16 million men today carry his Y chromosome. Rulers may leave large numbers of descendents |
sexual access of high status men comes from | short-term sexual encounters and extramarital affairs |
higher status men seek out | younger and more fertile women |
boys more likely than girls to issue | dominance challenges to their peers |
boy's speech serve largely egoistic functions and establishes and protects turf | girl's conversation is a more socially binding process |
men's higher aggressiveness, competitive striving, desire for status and greater inclination to take risks | are linked with sex differences in the workplace |
social dominance orientation (SDO) | a measure of an individual's preference for hierarchy within any social system and the domination over lower-status groups |
men score higher than women on | SDO scales |
women tended to rate | prosocial dominant acts as more socially desirable (taking charge in committee, soliciting funds for a cause) |
men tended to rate | egoistic dominant acts as more socially desirable (flattering to get one's way, blaming others when things went wrong) |
dominant men perform a relatively high frequency of | egoistic dominant acts (I managed to get my own way, I demanded someone else run the errand) |
dominant women perform a relatively high frequency of | prosocial dominant acts (I settled a dispute among group members, I took the lead in organizing a project) |
Megargee experiment men HD and LD | 75% HD men were leaders (giving instructions) |
Megargee experiment women HD and LD | 70% HD women were leaders (giving instructions) |
Megargee experiment HD men and LD women | 90% men were leaders (giving instructions) |
Megargee experiment HD men and HD women | 20% HD women were leaders (giving instructions) |
HD women were appointing | their LD partners to the leadership position 91% of time |
men express dominance through acts of personal ascension | elevating themselves to positions of power |
women express their dominance | for group-oriented goals |
men refer more to | same sex competition, take greater workplace risks, sacrifice quality of life (ex. flexible hours) to get ahead |
men engage in riskier resource related behavior only when | observed by similar status individuals |
subordinate strategies to subvert access of the dominant to key resouces | deception, false subordination, friendship, and manipulation to gain access to the resources needed for survival and reproduction |
cognitive capacities to reason about the mind of others have evolved in primates | to thwart the primary or exclusive access to resources by those high in dominance |
dominance theory propositions (Denise Cummins) | humans evolved domain-specific strategies to reasons about social norms (permission and prohibitions); these cognitive strategies emerge prior to and separate from other types of reasoning strategies |
deontic reasoning (reasoning about rights and obligations) | contrasts with indicative reasoning (reasoning about proposition truth value) |
humans spontaneously adopt a strategy of | seeking rule violators |
for deontic rules people seek out | rule violations |
for indicative rules people seek out | instances that conform to the rule |
dominance theory predicts that human reasoning will be strongly influenced by | rank |
cheaters | well remembered, especially if low in status |
memory bias for cheaters stronger for | men than for women |