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Patient with Cancer
Chapter 25 Medical Surgical
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the most common sites for cancer in men? | prostate 27% Lung and bronchus 14% colon and rectum 8% |
| What are the most common sites for cancer in women? | breast 29% Lung and bronchus 13% colon and rectum 8% |
| What is a benign tumor | mass of cells relatively harmless, do not spread to other parts of the body only become a problem when they apply pressure or obstruct body organs, surgical removal is often recommended |
| What is a malignant tumor | mass of cells that are abnormal in appearance; unable to perform function of origin; not recognized by other cells; may have tumor markers; inadequate space and nutrients, can migrate from one tissue to or organ to another |
| What is regional invasion | movement of cancer cells into adjoining tissue |
| Define metastasis | process by which cancer spreads |
| define metastatic growths | tumors found away from original site of malignant cells: most common sites are liver, brain, bone and lungs |
| What are the steps to malignant transformation | Initiation; promotion; progression; metastasis |
| describe initiation | DNA is exposed to carcinogen, irreversible changes in DNA (cell appears abmormal but still functions normally) |
| describe promotion | sufficient exposure to an agent (promotor) to encourage / enhance cell growth (latent period before increased growth forms tumors) |
| describe progression | accelerated growth rate, enhanced invasiveness, altered appearance and biochemical activity (tumor development, cells mutate) |
| describe metastasis | transformed cell relocate by direct extension, invasion, establishment of remote sites |
| How are tumors classified | by anatomic site, stage and cell appearance & differentiation |
| Name benign tumors by anatomic site | Fibroma - fibrous connective tissue Lipoma - fat tissue leiomyomas - smooth muscle tissue |
| name malignant tumors by anatomic site | carcinoma - skin, glands, lining of digestive, urinary & respiratory tracts. Sarcoma - bone, muscle, other connective tissue. Melanoma - pigment cells in skin. Leukemia & lymphoma - blood forming tissues; lymphoid tissue; plasma cells, & bone marrow |
| stage 1 | malignant cells are confined to tissue of origin, no invasion of other tissues |
| stage 2 | limited spread of cancer occurs in local area, usually to nearby lymph nodes |
| stage 3 | tumor is larger, has spread from site of origin to nearby tissues, regional lymph nodes are likely to be involved |
| state 4 | cancer has metastasized to distant parts of body, term advanced is also used to describe this stage |
| TNM Staging system | specifies the status of the primary tumor, regional lymph notes, and distant metastases t = tumor n = regional lymph nodes m = distant mestastases |
| T stages in the TNM staging system | TO - no sign of tumor after treatment tis 0 malignancy in epithelial tissue but not basement membrane T1-minimal size and extension T 2 & 3 - progressively increasing in size and extension T4-larg size and extension |
| N stages in the TNM staging system | NO - no regional lymph notes involved N1 - minimal reginal lymph node involvement N2 - increased involvement of regional lymph nodes N3 - extensive involvement of regional lymph nodes |
| M stages in the TNM staging system | MO - no distant metastasis M1 - distant metastasis present |
| Warning signs of cancer C.A.U.T.I.O.N | Changes in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficult swallowing Obvious change in a wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness |
| What are radioprotectors | Medications that can help to protect the salivery glands as well as mucus producing tissues |
| Medical term for dry mouth | Xerostoma |
| What is osteradionecrosis | Destruction of bone caused by radiation |
| Side effects of radiation therapy | Bone marrow suppression; alopecia summer: anorexia; dry mouth; nausea and vomiting in semi: diarrhea and inflammation of the skin, aesophagus, longs, in bladder |
| Inflammation of the esophagus is? | Esophagitis |
| Inflammation of the lungs is? | Pneumonitis |
| Inflammation of the bladder is? | Cystitis |
| Sources of a radiation used for therapy include | Radioactive forms of iodine, phosphorus,radium, iridium, radon,and cesium |
| Adjuvant therapy is? | used then patient has had surgery or radiotherapy and is free of signs of disease but has a high likelihood of recurrence, chemo is administered to eradicate remaining undetected cells |
| what is a tumor marker? | abnormal proteins on cell surface |
| what is an example of prophylactically measures | having part of colon removed to prevent cancer when familial polyposis has been determined |
| Neoadjuvant therapy is ? | used chemo is used to reduce the extent of tumor before surgery or radiotherapy |
| intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) | a technique in which the tumor/tumor bed is radiated directly during surgery (this is during external radiation) |
| forms of internal radiation: | sealed-source radiation unsealed-source radiation |
| Effects of bone marrow suppression | Anemia; low WBCs, low platelets |
| What is chemotherapy | use of chemical agents in the treatment of disease antineoplastics / anticancer drugs |
| What is biotherapy | agents that work by affecting biologic process: hematopoietic growth factors, BRM, monoclonal antibodies (MAb) |
| what are hematopoietic growth factors | colony-stimulating factors (CSF), used to stimulate the bone marrow to produce RBCs & WBCs |
| what are BRMs | boost the body's existing defenses, act directly on malignant cells, stimulate immune system to act against them |
| what is Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) | use antibodies made in large number in a lab rather than by a person's own immune system, recognize very specific targets/antigens present on certain kinds of cancer cells |
| what is allogenic transplant | receive cells from sibling/relative |
| what is a matched unrelated donor (MUD) transplant | donated from unrelated donor |
| what is complementary therapy | non traditional therapy & conventional therapy used together |
| Alternative therapy | uses non traditional therapy in place of traditional treatment |
| examples of antiemetics: | palonosetron; dolasetron; ondansetron; granisetron *greatly improved management of N/V with chemo....fewer side effects |
| what is mucositis | inflammation of the mucosa may extend from mouth and effect entire intestinal tract . . . painful, can interfere with adequate food intake |
| what is stomatitis | |
| important facts regarding thrombocytopenia | |
| actions to be taken for Change in bowel or bladder habits | ultrasonography and endoscopy |
| action to be taken for a sore that does not heal | biopsy and oral and skin examination |
| action to be taken for unusual bleeding or discharge in stool | rectal exam and colonoscopy |
| action to be taken for unusual bleeding in between periods | gynaec exam for cervix and biopsy |
| action to be taken for thickening or lump in the breast, testicles, elsewhere | ultrasonography and FNAC if abnormal |
| action taken for indigestion or difficulty swallowing | endoscopy |
| action taken for obvious change in the size of mole, or mouth sore | biopsy |
| actions taken for nagging cough or hoarseness | ENT examination and X-ray chest |
Created by:
arogers74
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