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Bio 18-20

Study stack for Ch 18-20 by none other than KQW 11/21/05

QUESTION!ANSWER!
What is the structure of a virus? nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat. Has double/single stranded DNA/RNA. 4-100s of genes.
How does a virus reproduce? Can only reproduce within a host cell in its host range. It infects it and reprograms it to copy the viral nucleic acid and manufacture viral proteins
Different viral reproductive cycles are... Lytic: last stage of infection, bacterium lyses and releases phages to infect more cells. Lysogenic: phage DNA circularizes then integrates into bacterial chromosome, becomes a prophage. Bacterium reproduces normally while copying prophage.
Possible origins of viruses: Fragments of nucleic acids, plasmids, or transposons.
Various means by which bacteria gain new genetic info Conjugation: direct transfer of material b/w 2 bacteiral cells that are temporarily joined. Transduction: phages carry bacterial genes one host cell to other. Tranformation: naked DNA enters cell from surroundings
A transposon is: A transposable genetic element that can move from one location to another in a cell's genome. They can bring multiple genes for antibiotic resistance, cause mutations, or help bacteria adapt to a new environment.
Causes, symptoms and effects of HIV: Tranferred by blood, immune deficiency caused by low concentration of T-cells. Symptoms: fever, vomiting, massive bleeding, circulatory system collapse
DNA packing is.. When eukaryotic chromatin & histone proteins form nucleosomes. After more folding, highly compacted heterochromatin
A multigene family is... A collection of identical/very similar genes, thought to have evolved from a single ancestral gene
Evolutionary importance of multigene families they all evolved from one ancestral gene
Structure and function of immunoglobin structure: four polypeptide chains with disulfide bridge. Function: has proteins that specifically recognize and help combat viruses, bacteria, etc.
Some methods used by cells to differentiate are.. cells can turn genes on/off in response to signals. Selective control of genes is required for cellular differentiation.
Techniques for DNA cloning. plasmids isolated from bacterial cells-foreign gene inserted, becomes recombinant DNA. Recombinant mol returned to bacterial cell, reproduces to form clone.
Usefulness of DNA cloning to produce protein product: study/practical use. Make copies of gene: determine nucleotide sequence/ endow organism w/ new metabolic capability
Restriction enzymes Cut DNA @ specific locations. Make recombinant DNA.
How to convict/exonerate a person accused of rape if semen is left behind? recover semen from body, determine blood/tissue using antibodies to test for specific cell surface proteins
Diff b/w DNA and cDNA library DNA cloning is entire genome, cDNA (complimentary) used for working w/ eukaryotic genes & studying gene expression
goals of human genome project linkage mapping, physical mapping, DNA sequencing of human genomes & genomes of other organisms
Practical applications of DNA technology medical (diagnostic tests for diseases, better vaccines, production of pharmaceutical products. DNA fingerprinting: evidence at trials. Genetic Engineering: modify metabolism of microorganisms, extract minerals, degrade waste materials.
Created by: villanova
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